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1、In1851,AugusteComte,theFrenchphilosopher阅读理解答案 In1851,AugusteComte,theFrenchphilosopherandfatherofsociology,coinedthenewwordaltruismaspartofadrivetocreateanon-religiousreligionbasedonscientificprinciples.Hedefineditas“intentionalactionforthewelfareofothersthatinvolvesatleastt
2、hepossibilityofeithernobenefitoralosstotheactor”.Atthattime,studiesofanimalbehaviorandphrenology（颅相学）ledhimtolocateegotistical（自我本位的）instinctsatthebackofthebrain,altruisticonesatthefront. Today,wehaveafarmoresophisticatedknowledgeoftheneurological（神经学的）andbiochemicalfactorsth
3、atunderpinkindbehavior.Andthisscienceformsthebasesoftwobooksaimedatgeneralreaders—butalsoatthosewho,despitetheresearch,stilldoubttheexistenceofaltruism. However,thebooksmayendupprovidingmoreinformationforthosewhoaredoubtful.TakeTheAltruisticBrainbyneuroscientistDonaldPfaff.On
4、solidscientificground,hebuildsafive-steptheoryofhowaltruismoccurs,whichdependsonanideathatisunconvincingandmayachievetheoppositeresult.Pfaffarguesthattoactaltruisticallyyoushouldfirstvisualizethereceiverofyourgoodwill,thenmentallytransformtheirimageintoyourown,“fromangletoangl
5、eandcurvetocurve”.Doesitreallywork? AtthecoreofevolutionarybiologistDavidSloanWilson’sDoesAltruismExist?isanothercontentious（有争议的）idea:altruismhasevolvedastheresultofgroupselection.ButWilsonargueshiscornermasterfully,providingacleverreplytothebeliefthatnaturalselectionoccurso
6、nlyattheleveloftheselfishgene:“Selfishnessbeatsaltruismwithingroups.Altruisticgroupsbeatselfishgroups,”hesays. Inotherwords,wecooperatewhendoingsogivesourteamtheadvantage.Thatdoesn’tsoundveryselflesseither. Wilsonacknowledgesthis,butarguesthatthoughtsandfeelingsarelessimport
7、antthanactions.Accordingtoevolutionarytheory,purealtruistsdoexist,butitdoesn’tmatterwhypeoplechoosetohelpothers—theirreasonsmaybedifficultevenforthemselvestounderstand.Whatmattersisthathumanscancoordinatetheiractivitiesinjusttherightwaytoachievecommongoals.Otheranimalsdothisto
8、o,butwearemasters.“Teamworkisthesignatureadaptationofourspeci
