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1、CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONAnswerstoStudyQuestionsonMainText1.Generally,behaviorisanythingapersondoesorsays.Technically,behaviorisanymuscular,glandular,orelectricalactivityofanorganism.Synonymsinclude:activity,action,performance,responding,response,andreaction.2.Behaviorisanythingthatapersonsa
2、ysordoes.Productsofbehavioraretheconsequencesproducedbythebehavior.Forexample,studyingeffectivelyandwritingthecorrectanswerstoquestionsonanexamarebehaviors.Gettingan“A”isaproductofthosebehaviors.3.Overtbehaviorsarebehaviorsthatcouldbeobservedandrecordedbyanindividualotherthantheoneperfo
3、rmingthebehavior.Forexample,walkingandtalkingareovertbehaviors.Covertbehaviorsareprivateorinternalactivitiesthatcannotbereadilyobservedbyothers.Forexample,thinkingparticularwordstooneselforfeelingnervous(increasedheartrate,etc.)wouldbeprivatebehaviors.4.Thinkinginwords(privateself-talk)
4、andimaginingcanalsobereferredtoascognitivebehaviors.Forexample,ahockeyplayermaythinkbeforesteppingontheiceatagame,“Iamgoingtoplaymybestgameyet”(privateself-talk),orateachermaytelltheclasstoclosetheireyesandpictureabeach(imagining).5.Anytwodimensionscanbedescribed.Durationofabehaviorisho
5、wlongitlasts.Forexample,measuringhowlonganindividualcantreadwaterinaswimmingpool.Frequencyofabehavioristhenumberofinstancesthatoccurinagivenperiodoftime.Forexample,afigureskatercountingthenumberoftimesthatsheorhelandsanewjumpinapracticesession.Theintensityorforceofabehaviorreferstotheph
6、ysicaleffortorenergyinvolvedinemittingthebehavior.Forexample,theforceofaperson’sgripwhenshakinghands.6.Althoughtheirmeaningsvaryfromspeakertospeaker,theyalwaysrefertowaysofbehaving.Anintelligentperson,forexample,solvesproblemsquickly;acreativepersonfrequentlyemitsbehaviorsthatarenovelor
7、unusualandhavedesirableeffects.7.(a)Theymayleadtopseudoexplanationsofbehavior;(b)theycannegativelyaffectthewayalabeledindividualmightbetreated;and(c)theymayinfluenceonetofocusonanindividual’sproblembehaviorsratherthanonhisorherstrengths.8.Toolittlebehaviorofaparticulartype.Fore
