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1、外文原文AnatomyoftheLinuxnetworkingstackFromsocketstodevicedriversSummary: OneofthegreatestfeaturesoftheLinux®operatingsystemisitsnetworkingstack.ItwasinitiallyaderivativeoftheBSDstackandiswellorganizedwithacleansetofinterfaces.Itsinterfacesrangefromtheprotocolagnostics,suchasthecommon
2、socketslayerinterfaceorthedevicelayer,tothespecificinterfacesoftheindividualnetworkingprotocols.ThisarticleexploresthestructureoftheLinuxnetworkingstackfromtheperspectiveofitslayersandalsoexaminessomeofitsmajorstructures.ProtocolsintroductionWhileformalintroductionstonetworkingcomm
3、onlyrefertotheOpenSystemsInterconnection(OSI)model,thisintroductiontothebasicnetworkingstackinLinuxusesthefour-layermodelknownastheInternetmodel(seeFigure1).Figure1.TheInternetmodelofanetworkstackAtthebottomofthestackisthelinklayer.Thelinklayerreferstothedevicedriversprovidingacces
4、stothephysicallayer,whichcouldbenumerousmediums,suchasseriallinksorEthernetdevices.Abovethelinklayeristhenetworklayer,whichisresponsiblefordirectingpacketstotheirdestinations.Thenextlayer,calledthetransportlayer,isresponsibleforpeer-to-peercommunication(forexample,withinahost).Whil
5、ethenetworklayermanagescommunicationbetweenhosts,thetransportlayermanagescommunicationbetweenendpointswithinthosehosts.Finally,there'stheapplicationlayer,whichiscommonlythesemanticlayerthatunderstandsthedatabeingmoved.Forexample,theHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP)movesrequestsandres
6、ponsesforWebcontentbetweenaserverandaclient.Practicallyspeaking,thelayersofthenetworkingstackgobymuchmorerecognizablenames.Atthelinklayer,youfindEthernet,themostcommonhigh-speedmedium.Olderlink-layerprotocolsincludetheserialprotocolssuchastheSerialLineInternetProtocol(SLIP),Compres
7、sedSLIP(CSLIP),andthePoint-to-PointProtocol(PPP).ThemostcommonnetworklayerprotocolisInternetProtocol(IP),butotherprotocolsexistatthenetworklayerthatsatisfyotherneeds,suchastheInternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP)andtheAddressResolutionProtocol(ARP).AtthetransportlayeristheTransmissi
8、onControlProtocol(TCP)andU
