资源描述：
《thomaskuhn,inthestructureofscientific：库恩托马斯，在科学的结构...》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、ElizabethMarxBI0L112-LitEssayNovember18,2005FromaModelstoManagementThomasKuhn,inTheStructureofScientificRevolutions,arguesthatinorderforanyscientificfieldtodevelopitmustacquirecertainparadigmswhichallowformorespecializedandgroundbreakingresearchtotakeplace(Kuhn1
2、962).In1969,E.P.Odumprovidedsuchaparadigmwithinecology:hedefinedsuccessionusingaclearrubricwithwhichtoassessthenaturalprocess,andheproposedtheuseofthisdefinitioninecologicalmanagementpractices.Indoingso,Odumincitedthirtyyearsofdeeperinvestigationofhisrubricwhich
3、hasgivenrisetoaprogressionofmodelsforecologicalsuccessionand,morerecently,innovativeresearchinecosystemmanagement.Ingeneral,researchersinthe1970squestionedOdum’srubricandexploredingreatdetailmanyofitsattributesandbegantodevelopimportantmodelsstillusedtoday.The19
4、80ssawanattempttoregroupandredefinesuccessionmoreclearlybasedupontheinvestigationsofthepreviousdecade,andresearchersbeganlookingtowardecosystemmanagement.Inthelastfifteenyears,asOdum’sarticleseemedtohaveanticipated,researchershaveusedmodelsofsuccessionandthestud
5、yofitsmechanismsasameansofunderstandingecosystemdynamicsanddevelopingvaluablepracticesforecosystemmanagement.Odum’s1969paperhastwoparts:thefirstbuildsarubricofthenaturalprocessofsucession,andthesecondattemptstoapplythisrubrictohumansociety.Inthefirstsection,Odum
6、useshis1953definitionoftheecosystem-“aunitofbiologicalorganizationmadeupofalltheorganismsinagivenareain...interactingwiththephysicalenvironmentsothataflowofenergyleadstocharacteristictrophicstructureandmaterialcycleswithinthesystem”(Odum1969).Fromthisbasisheprop
7、osesathreepartdefinitionofsuccession.First,successoinis“aprocessofcommunitydevelopmentthatisreasonablydirectionaland,therefore,predictable;”second,theprogressioniscontrolledbythebioticcommunitybutitistheenvironmentthatsetsthepatternandcanlimittheprocess;andthird
8、,theultimateresultisecosystemstability(Odum1969).Odumbuildshisrubricbyexplainingthepatternsofecosystemdevelopmentintermsofsixcategories,eachencompassingdifferent“attr
