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1、Overview:Earth’sFluctuatingPopulationsTounderstandhumanpopulationgrowth,wemustconsidergeneralprinciplesofpopulationecologyPopulationecologyisthestudyofpopulationsinrelationtoenvironment,includingenvironmentalinfluencesondensityanddistribution,agestructure,a
2、ndpopulationsizeThefursealpopulationofSt.PaulIsland,offthecoastofAlaska,hasexperienceddramaticfluctuationsinsizeDynamicbiologicalprocessesinfluencepopulationdensity,dispersion,anddemographyApopulationisagroupofindividualsofasinglespecieslivinginthesamegener
3、alareaDensityisthenumberofindividualsperunitareaorvolumeDispersionisthepatternofspacingamongindividualswithintheboundariesofthepopulationDensityDeterminingthedensityofnaturalpopulationsisdifficultInmostcases,itisimpracticalorimpossibletocountallindividualsi
4、napopulationDensityistheresultofaninterplaybetweenprocessesthataddindividualstoapopulationandthosethatremoveindividualsPopulationsizeEmigrationDeathsImmigrationBirthsPatternsofDispersionEnvironmentalandsocialfactorsinfluencespacingofindividualsinapopulation
5、Inaclumpeddispersion,individualsaggregateinpatchesAclumpeddispersionmaybeinfluencedbyresourceavailabilityandbehaviorClumped.Formanyanimals,suchasthesewolves,livingingroupsincreasestheeffectivenessofhunting,spreadstheworkofprotectingandcaringforyoung,andhelp
6、sexcludeotherindividualsfromtheirterritory.Uniform.Birdsnestingonsmallislands,suchasthesekingpenguinsonSouthGeorgiaIslandintheSouthAtlanticOcean,oftenexhibituniformspacing,maintainedbyaggressiveinteractionsbetweenneighbors.Random.Dandelionsgrowfromwindblown
7、seedsthatlandatrandomandlatergerminate.DemographyDemographyisthestudyofthevitalstatisticsofapopulationandhowtheychangeovertimeDeathratesandbirthratesareofparticularinteresttodemographersAlifetableisanage-specificsummaryofthesurvivalpatternofapopulationItisb
8、estmadebyfollowingthefateofacohortThelifetableofBelding’sgroundsquirrelsrevealsmanythingsaboutthispopulationSurvivorshipCurvesAsurvivorshipcurveisagraphicwayofrepresentingthedatainalifetableThesurvivor
