《研究生英语综合教程上》b1unit7

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1、ReferenceNotesUnit7ExploringHumanNatureReadingFocusOnHumanNatureInformationnotes1.Thispassageisadaptedfrom’’Whatishumannature?’’，achapterinAnEternalCareer,writtenbyFrankandLydiaHammer,thecompanionbooktotheiranotherbookLifeandItsMysteries(1945).Publishedin1947byDorrancePu

2、blishingCompanyinPhiladelphia，AnEternalCareerwasscannedatsacred-texts.cominJune2007.Itisthelargestfreelyavailablearchiveofonlinebooksaboutreligion，mythology，folkloreandtheesotericontheInternet.Thesiteisdedicatedtoreligioustoleranceandscholarship，andhasthelargestreadershi

3、pofanysimilarsiteontheweb.Thispassagefollowsthetypicalformatofanargumentativewithreasoningbeingthemainmeansofargumentation.Thebeginningparagraphintroducesthemainidea:Humannatureisthebasisofchal’acter，thetemperamentanddisposition;itisthatindestructiblematrixuponwhichthech

4、aracterisbuilt，andwhoseshapeitmusttakeandkeepthroughoutlife.Thebodypartunfoldsthecharacteristicsofhumannature.Andtheendingparagraphconcludesthetextbyechoingthepointofthesecondparagraph:humannaturedoesnotandcannotchange.Further,theauthorpointsoutthatwecanonlyendeavortound

5、erstandmanasheis.Themoststrikingfeatureintermsoflanguagestyleisthefrequentuseofrhetorictechniques.Theparallelism,inparticular，appearsforeighttimeswithinapassagelessthan900words.Itistheco-workofsuchtechniquesassimile，metaphor，personification，repetitionandrhymethatcreateth

6、eeffectofbeinglucid，conciseandconvincing.2.Theexploringanddefiningofhumannaturehasalwaysbeenatopicofinterestamongphilosophers,politicians,andwritersacrossallofthewrittenhistory.Therearealotofinterpretationsforustorefertoconcerningthecharacteristicsofhumannature:SigmundFr

7、eud，founderofpsychoanalysis,holdsthatmanisbad，andthatallmenareinnatelyevilandaggressionlieswithinthemasapartofhisnature.ThomasHobbes(1588一1679),anEnglishphilosopher,believesthathumansarebomequal.Heidentifiesthreeprinciplecausesofquarrelinthenatureofman:competition,diffid

8、ence(ordistrust),andglory.Competitionisforgain,diffidenceisforsafety,andgloryisforreputation.Itisthecom