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1、第一章:段落结构(THESTRUCTUREOFPARAGRAPH)一、段落关系一般来说,段落主要由三部分组成,即主题仂、的扩展化和结论心J。主题句足篇章的核心,它表明作者的态度、观点、意图等,同吋反映了段落的屮心思想。主题句应具备:一是明确的观点,二是有一定的概括性,能用其它句子来解释、描述、分析等。扩展句主要围绕着主题句进行叙述,说明或论述等。扩展句必须叨确、的具体。总结句指川一句话将某一主汽进行归纳总结或概拈,旮吋还起承上启下的作川。总结ZnJ耑要与主题呼应,引发读者对段落主题的进一步汄识。总之,篇章的主题必须统-,内容完整、结构连贯,
2、长度适度。段落的扩展对构成一篇文章,展示文章的主题,冇着举足轻重的作用。常用的方式有:1、排列顺序:既按照内容的主次、时间的先后或位置的先后來进行论证,陈述或解释。常川的词语脊:first/firstly,second/secondly,furthermore,finally,aboveall,firstandmostimportant,tobegin/startwith,inthesecondplace,moreover,toconclude,next,then,afterwardlastly,intheend,eventually.2、
3、比较和对比:一般来说,比较包括相同点和相异点。对比则仅指相异点。常见的词及词组有:incomparison(with),likewise,similarly,inthesameway,equally,but,incontrastWith/to,instead,conversely,onthecontrary,in/bycontrast,while.Correspondingly.3、因果和推理:这种段落发展方式通常用于解释某件事发生的原因和结果。经常川到的因果关系的动词和动词调组脊:cause,produce,leadto,bringabo
4、ut,resultfrom,bedueto,haveaneffecton,resultin.因果X系的连接同有:dueto,thefactthat,forthesimplereason,because(of),sothat,consequently,hence,asaresult,accordingly,therefore,solongas,so,thus,owingto,nowthat,for/as,since.4、举例:用实例来说明作者的观点是举例段落的发展方式。采用举例的方式,使文章内容更加充实,里富有内涵。常用丁年例的W和划组有:s
5、uchas,forexample,forinstance,asanillustration,toillustrate,acaseinpoint,asfollowsJustas,including,like.段落的组成:引异川(IntroductorySentence)主题句(TopicSentence)扩域句(DevelopingSentence1)扩展句(DevelopingSentence2)扩展句(DevelopingSentence3)结论句(ConcludingSentence)二、段落主题句和段落矿展句Topicsentence
6、:Myhometownisabeautifulplace.Itstandsbesideawideriveratthefootoflowgreenhills.Ithasmanyfinebuildingsandwidestreets.Therearetreesandflowerseverywhere.Topicsentence:Waterisimportanttopeopleinmorewaysthanyoumightthink.根据这个主题句,写出后面的扩展句。Notonlydoweneedwaterincookingandwashing,b
7、utalsoinplants,whichalsoneedwater•(扩展心J1)weeatplantsandanimalsthatliveonwater.(扩嫉Lj2)Tomaketheworldgowell,waterbecomessomethingquietnecessary•(扩展句3)Forthesereasonswcmaysaythatwithoutwater,therecouldbenolife.(结论句)Topicsentence:InChineseculture,mostofthepeoplevaluefamilyrela
8、tionships.Manypeoplepreferlargefamiliesinsteadofsmallerones,includingperhapsthreegenerati