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1、海洋防污涂料研究进展12210300012庞钧文海洋防污基本概念海洋附着生物也称海洋污损生物（marinefoulingorganism），是生长在船底和海中一切设施表面的动物、植物和微生物的通称。这些生物一般是有害的。船底长生物称为生物污损（biofouling）。防除生物污损称为防污（antifouling）。海洋中约有4000～5000种污损生物。在所有污损生物中，有半数以上浮游在海岸和港湾处，这些生物生长在船底、浮标、输水管道、冷却管道、沉船、海底电缆、木筏、浮子、浮桥和网具上，除微生物外:植物性生物约600种，动物性生物约1300种，常见
2、的只有50～100种。A.I.Railkin,MarineBiofoulingColonizationProcessesandDefenses,CRCPressLLC,2004.请看船底hullbeneathwaterVesselsfouledbymarineorganisms.Imagesshow(a)(b)foulingbythegreenalga(seaweed)Ulva(imagecourtesyofDrJ.Lewis)and(c)(d)(e)barnacles(imagecourtesyofDrC.D.Anderson).abdce海洋生
3、物的生长机理L.D.Chambers,F.C.Walsh,R.J.K.Wood,K.R.Stokes,WorldMaritimeTechnologyConference,ICMESProceedings,TheInstituteofMarineEngineering,ScienceandTechnology,March2006.Diversityandsizescalesofarangeofrepresentativefoulingorganisms.(a)Bacteria(scanningelectronmicrograph(SEM)),(b)f
4、alse-colourSEMofmotile,quadriflagellatesporesofthegreenalga(seaweed)Ulva,(c)false-colourenvironmentalSEMimageofsettledsporeofUlvashowingsecretedannulusofswollenadhesive,(d)SEMofdiatom(Navicula),(e)larvaoftubeworm,Hydroideselegans(imagecourtesyofB.Nedved),(f)barnaclecyprislarva
5、(Amphibalanusamphitrite)exploringasurfacebyitspairedantennules(imagecourtesyofN.Aldred),(g)adultbarnacles(imagecourtesyofASClare),(h)adulttubeworms(H.elegans;imagecourtesyofM.Hadfield),(i)adultmusselsshowingbyssusthreadsattachedtoasurface(imagecourtesyofJ.Wilker),(j)individual
6、plantsofthegreenalga(seaweed)Ulva.Thediagramisintendedtoindicaterelativescalesratherthanabsolutesizes;individualspecieswithinagroupcanvarysignificantlyinabsolutesize.JamesA.Callow&MaureenE.Callow,NATURECOMMUNICATIONS,Trendsinthedevelopmentofenvironmentallyfriendlyfouling-resis
7、tantmarinecoatings,March2011.污损生物的危害机理Hydrodynamicsarenegativelyaffected(Roughness&WallShearStress)-R.L.Townsin,Biofouling19(2003)9(Supplement).Turbulenceprofilesofmarinevesselsisaffected-M.P.Schultz,G.W.Swain,Biofouling15(2000)129.Soundsignatureisaffected-E.C.Haderlie,in:J.D.
8、Costlow,R.C.Tipper(Eds.),MarineBiodeterioration:AnInterdiscip
