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1、GreatExpectationsThiswasDickens'second-to-lastcompletenovel.Itwasfirstpublishedasaweeklyseriesin1860andinbookformin1861.Earlycriticshadmixedreviews,dislikingDickens'tendencytoexaggeratebothplotandcharacters,butreadersweresoenthusiasticthatthe1861editionrequiredfivepr
2、intings.SimilartoDickens'memoriesofhisownchildhood,inhisearlyyearstheyoungPipseemspowerlesstostandagainstinjusticeortoeverrealizehisdreamsforabetterlife.However,ashegrowsintoausefulworkerandthenaneducatedyoungmanhereachesanimportantrealization:grandschemesanddreamsar
3、eneverwhattheyfirstseemtobe.Piphimselfisnotalwayshonest,andcarefulreaderscancatchhiminseveralobviouscontradictionsbetweenhistruthandfantasies.Victorian-eraaudiencesweremorelikelytohaveappreciatedthemelodramaticscenesandtherevised,morehopefulending.However,moderncriti
4、cshavelittlebutpraiseforDickens'brilliantdevelopmentoftimelessthemes:fearandfun,lonelinessandluck,classismandsocialjustice,humiliationandhonor.SomestillpuzzleoverDickens'revisionthatendsthenovelwithsuddenoptimism,andtheysuggestthatthesalesofDickens'magazineAlltheYear
5、Round,inwhichtheseriesfirstappeared,wasassuredbygluingonahappyendingthathintsPipandEstellawilluniteatlast.SomecriticspointoutthattheoriginalendingisbetterbecauseitismorerealisticsincePipmustearntheself-knowledgethatcanonlycomefromgivinguphisobsessionwithEstella.Howev
6、er,VictorianaudienceseagerlyfollowedthestoryofPip,episodebyepisode,assumingthattheprotagonist'sloveandpatiencewouldwinoutintheend.Moderneditionscontainbothdenouementsforthereadertochooseapreference.PlotSummaryTheFirstStageofPip'sExpectationsCharlesDickens'GreatExpect
7、ationsopensasseven-year-oldPhilipPirrip,knownas"Pip,"visitsthegravesofhisparentsdowninthemarshesnearhishomeonChristmasEve.Hereheencountersathreateningescapedconvict,whofrightensPipandmakeshimpromisetostealfoodandafileforhim.Pipstealssomefoodfromhisbrother-in-law,theb
8、lacksmithJoeGargery,andhiscruelsister"Mrs.Joe,"withwhomhelives,andtakesittotheconvictthenextday.Theconvictissooncaughtandreturnedto
