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1、ProgrammingLanguages (程序设计语言)http://net.pku.edu.cn/~course/cs101/2012HongfeiYanSchoolofEECS,PekingUniversity9/26/20122EvolutionEvolutionofcomputerlanguages3计算机语言的演化机器语言指令由0和1串组成,程序可直接执行符号语言用符号表示不同的机器语言指令,必须被汇编(assembler)为机器语言高级语言从关注计算机转移到关注问题本身.用语句(statement)
2、构造应用逻辑.通常不能直接执行,要编译(compile)或解释(interpret)执行.4ComputerlanguageThetermcomputerlanguageincludesalargevarietyofartificiallanguagesusedtocommunicatewithcomputers.Itisbroaderthanthemorecommonly-usedtermprogramminglanguage.Programminglanguagesareasubsetofcomputerla
3、nguages.Forexample,HTMLisamarkuplanguageandacomputerlanguage,butitisnottraditionallyconsideredaprogramminglanguage.Machinecodeisacomputerlanguage.Itcantechnicallybeusedforprogramming,andhasbeen(e.g.theoriginalbootstrapperforAltairBASIC),thoughmostwouldnotcons
4、ideritaprogramminglanguage.5TypesofComputerLanguagesProgramminglanguagesaretheprimarymeansbywhichdevelopersofcomputingsystemsinstructamachinetoorganizeormanipulateinformationorcontrolphysicaldevices.Mostsoftwareiswrittenusingoneormoreprogramminglanguages.Comm
5、onexamplesincludeC,C++,Java,BASIC,assemblylanguages,andmanyothers.Scriptinglanguagesaredesignedtocontrolothersoftwareortocoordinatetheactionsofmultiplesoftwareapplications.Machinecodeanonhuman-readablebinarycomputerlanguagewhichcorrespondstotheavailableinstru
6、ctionsforamicroprocessor.……6Whatproblemgavebirthtoprogramminglanguages?Beforehighlevelprogramminglanguagesexisted,computerswereprogrammedoneinstructionatatimeusingbinaryorhex.atediousjobandalotoferrors.Obviously,thisjobdidnotattractmanypeople,sotherewasashort
7、ageofprogrammers.Expensivecomputerssatidleforlongperiodsoftimewhilesoftwarewasbeingdeveloped.Softwareoftencosttwotofourtimesasmuchasthecomputer.Thisledtothedevelopmentofassemblersandassemblylanguages.Programmingbecamesomewhateasier,butmanyusersstillwantedfloa
8、tingpointnumbersandarrayindexing.Sincethesecapabilitieswerenotsupportedinhardware,highlevellanguageshadtobedevelopedtosupportthem.7WhatMakesaLanguageHot?EaseofuseLanguageFeaturesPerforman
