精品电子发烧友课件_18

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1、(TheFirstLawofThermodynamics)1stthermodynamicslaw&itsapplicationU=Q-WContent1.1Introductiontothermodynamics1.21stthermodynamicslaw1.3Quasi-static&reversibleprocess1.4Enthalpy1.5Heatcapacity1.6Application1.7Realgases1.8Thermalchemistry1.9Hess’slaw1.10Severalthermaleffe

2、cts1.11Kirchofflaw1.1IntroductiontothermodynamicsResearchtheinteractivetransformationamongtheheat,workandotherformenergy.Researchtheenergyeffectwhichtakesplaceinthedifferentphysicalandchemicalchanges;Researchthedirectionandlimitationofchemicalchanges.Themechanics,ratean

3、dmicrocosmicpropertiesareunknown,soweonlythinkthepossibilitybutthereality.1.1.1SystemandsurroundingsSystemWecallthefixedresearchobjectassystem,alsosubstancesystem.Systemisseparatedfromtheotherparts,theboundarycanbevisualorimaginable.SurroundingsThepartwhichhasreciprocit

4、ywithsystem,orcorrelatewiththesystemclosely.1.1.1.1OpensystemBothmatterandenergyexchangetakeplacebetweensystemandsurroundings.1.1.1.2ClosedsystemIthasnomatterexchange,butenergyexchangebetweensystemandsurroundings.1.1.1.3IsolatedsystemNeithermatternorenergyexchangetakesp

5、lacebetweensystemandsurroundings.Sometimesboththeclosedsystemanditssurroundingsarethoughtasanisolatedsystem.1.1.2SystempropertiesThemacrocosmicmeasurablepropertiesareusedtodescribethermodynamicsstateofthesystem,soallthesepropertiesarecalledthermodynamicsvariables.1.1.2.

6、1Extensiveproperties(capacityproperties)Numericalvalueisdirectlyratiowithsystemquantity,volume(V),entropy(S).Thesepropertiescanbesummedup.1.1.2.2IntensivepropertiesItsnumericalvaluedependsonitsowncharacterofthesystem,ithasnothingtodowiththequantityofsystem.T,P.Thecapaci

7、typropertiesofeverymolematerialquantityaredesignatedasintensiveproperties,suchasmolarheatcapacity.1.1.3ThermodynamicequilibriumThermalequilibriumMechanicalequilibriumPhaseequilibriumChemicalequilibrium1.1.4StatefunctionSomevaluesofsystempropertieshavenothingtodowiththeh

8、istoryofthesystem,theyaredecidedbysystemstate.Thechangevaluesdependontheinitialandthefinalstate,andhavenothing