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1、IMMUNIZATION免疫接种──免疫学预防1.基因免疫的概念和优势。3.基因免疫中目的基因的来源2.疫苗的主要类型MortalitygHighgModerategNoneorlowHIV/AIDSTuberculosisMortalitygHighgModerategNoneorlowMalariaRiskSignificantgLowgNoneMeaslesNumberofcasesgMorethan100g11-100g1-10g0gNosurveillanceInfluenzagWidespreadgRegionalgLocalgSpo
2、radicgNegligibalornosurveillanceDiarrheaDiseasesCholeraCasesgMorethan1,500g1,001-1,500g501-1,000g1-500gNegligibalornosurveillanceEachhelperTcellexpressestheCD4antigen.HIVentersthecellbybindingtoCD4andothercellsurfacemolecules.AhelperTcellisknowncolloquiallyasaCD4cell.Macropha
3、gesandasubsetofTlymphocytes(Tcells),knownashelperTcells,expressCD4andsoarevulnerabletoHIVinfection.EdwardJennerLouisPasteurJennerandPasteurarerecognizedastheimmunologistswhopioneeredvaccination,orinductionofactiveimmunity.脊髓灰质炎Polio狂犬病Rabies风疹RubellaHepatitisAHepatitisB流感Infl
4、uenza白喉diphtheria天花Smallpoxvirus轮状病毒RotavirusPertussis百日咳Comparisonofmaximumandcurrentmorbidityforvaccine-preventablediseasesDiseaseMaximumcasesYear1992Percentagechange白喉Diphtheria麻疹Measles腮腺炎Mumps百日咳pertussis脊髓灰质炎Polio(paralytic)风疹RubellaCRS破伤风Tetanus乙型流感Heamophilusinfluenza
5、etypeB乙型肝炎HepatitisB206,939694,134152,209265,26921,26957,68620,0001,56020,00026,6111921194119681934195219691964,6519231984198542,2372,5724,083416011451,41216,12699.9999.7598.3198.4699.9899.7299.9597.1292.9439.40患天花的小儿(Infantwithsmallpox)1979年WHO宣布在全球范围内消灭了天花病毒。Thelastknownper
6、sonintheworldtohavesmallpoxofanykind.Variolaminorin23-year-oldAliMaowMaalin,Merka,SomaliaThelastcaseofnaturalsmallpoxinU.K.occurredinthe1930s;thelastinU.S.A.wasinthe1940s.ThelastnaturalcaseintheworldwasinSomaliaandoccurredinOctober1977.患脊髓灰质炎的儿童(ChildwithpoliosequelaeWHO)WHO宣
7、称将在2003年在全球消灭脊髓灰质炎Inwesterncountriespolioisnolongeraproblembutitisstillamajorprobleminlessdevelopedcountriesthoughsomehavehadverymajorsuccessese.g.Cuba,Nicaragua.Thewildtype(non-vaccine)strainofpoliohasrecentlybeendeclaredtobewipedoutfromtheWesternHemisphere.PolioVirusPolioSt
8、atisticsWildpoliovirus1988KnowpoliovirustransmissionPolioStatisticsW
