古埃及象形文字教材1

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1、Lastupdate:03-aug-1997Lesson1 TheEgyptianLanguageanditsScript TheAncientEgyptianLanguage AncientEgyptianbelongstoafamilyoflanguagesinAfricaandtheNearEastthathaveenoughsimilaritiesinbothgrammarandvocabularytomakeacommonancestorhighlyprobable.ScientistsspeakoftheAfro-AsiaticorHamito-Semit

2、iclanguagegroup.Thisgroupconsistedofsixbranches,oneofthembeingtheAncient-Egyptianlanguage.OtherbrancheswereSemitic,Berber,Tsjadic,KoesjiticandOmotic.OnlytheEgyptianandSemiticlanguageshaveanextensivewrittentradition.InitstimeEgyptianwasofcoursealivinglanguage,whichcontinuouslyevolvedthro

3、ughoutthecenturies.Accordingtocurrentresarch,itispossibletodistinguishfivedifferentphasesinthelanguage:·OldEgyptianThisisthelanguageweknowthroughinscriptionsdatingfromtheOldKingdom.Thisistheperiodfromwhichthefirstfullydevelopedtextscameforward(ca2700-2200BC).·MiddleEgytianThisformofthel

4、anguagewasusedintheFirstIntermediatePeriodandtheMiddleKingdom(ca2200-1800BC).MiddleEgyptianisregardedastheclassicalphaseofthelanguage,andremainedinuseinliterary,religiuousandmonumentalinscriptionsuntillateintheGraeco-Romanperiod.Itisthisphaseofthelanguagethatishandledinthison-linecourse

5、.·NewEgyptianDuringtheNewKingdomthespokenlanguagecontinuedtoevolve,whiletheMiddleEgyptianformremainedinuseasawrittenlanguage.DuringtheAmarnaperiod(withEchnaton)thistraditionwasbroken,andliterarytextswerewritteninNewEgyptian(ca1580-700BC).Anexceptiontothiswerethereligoustexts,wereMiddleE

6、gyptianremainedthewrittenlanguage.·DemoticThisisacontinuationofNewEgyptian,whichremainedinusewellintotheRomanperiod(ca700BC-600AD).Thisversionofthelanguagealreadyhadatendencytowritewordsalphabetically,bymakinguseofsignshavingthevalueof1consonant.·CopticThisisthefinalphaseoftheEgyptianla

7、nguage,whichcameinuseinthe3rdcenturyAD.TheCopticscriptconsistsofthe24lettersfromtheGreekalphabet,completedwith6signsfromDemotictoindicateEgyptiansoundsthathadnocorrespondenceinGreek.TheDemoticlanguageisofinteresttoresearchers,becauseitalsousedlettersforvocals.Olderversionsofthe