工程项目物资管理

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工程词汇大全一项目建议Projectsuggestion1.11项目概况Projectgeneralsituation资格qualification预备资格prequalification商务条款与条件commercialtermsandcondition商务commercial技术technical技术说明technicalspecification建议书proposalbook资料费informationprice估价estimatedprice报价quotedprice报价书quotation　　1.2报价资料Quotationdocument　工艺说明processdescription工艺特点processfeature经验记载experiencerecord工艺性能processperformance设备表equipmentlist说明，规定，规格specification简要说明shortspecification条件图sketchdrawing流程图flowdiagram平衡图balancediagram方框图blockdiagramP&图P&Idiagram单线图singlelinediagram布置图layout平面布置图plotplan总图generalplotplan(generallayout)附件appendix资料，文件documentation　　1.3合同技术用语　保证guarantee性能保证performanceguarantee时间保证timeguarantee交货保证deliveryguarantee建造保证workmanshipguarantee生产能力capacity质量quality消耗量consumption原材料feedstock原料rawmaterial辅助原料sub-rawmaterial产品product副产品by-product中间产品intermediate公用工程utility燃料fuel化学品chemical界区batterylimits界区（进料）incoming界区（出料）outgoing界区条件batterylimitscondition（配管图）分界线matchline工厂、装置plant设备equipment关键设备criticalequipment专利设备proprietaryequipment有位号设备itemizedequipment 无位号设备non-itemizedequipment散装材料bulkmaterial施工材料materialofconstruction仪表instrument备品备件spareparts建筑工具constructionaid（现场）居住设施accommodation现场派遣expatriate运转率onstreamfactor运转天数streamday系列train日历日calenderday日历月calendermonth机械（试车）完工mechanicalcompletion试车trialoperation初次试车initialoeperation开车startup注油oilin投料feedin首次出料firstdrop保证试运转guaranteetestrun装置验收plantacceptance移交turnover议定书protocol1.4估算estimate　估算estimate概算budgetaryestimate推算slide幂指数powerterm（费用）分类、分项价格breakdown外汇foreigncurrency当地货币localcurrency可兑换货币convertiblecurrency专利费licensefee专利权税royalty变动专利权税runningroyalty专有技术费knowhowfee基础设计费basicengineeringfee代理费agentfee手续费commission不可预见费contingency外汇风险exchangerisk易货风险compensation直接费用directcost间接费用indirectcost项目管理费projectexpense现场管理费fieldexpense一般管理费overhead利润profit生活费livingexpense出勤津贴dailyallowance（出差）准备费outfitallowance劳务费labourcost基本工资basewage补偿费payrollburden福利费fringebeneft　　1.5可行性研究　可行性feasibility现场选定siteselection（现场）位置location市场marketing可获利润profitability生产成本productioncost 经营费operationcost可变成本variablecost不变成本fixedcost总投资totalinvestmentcost流动资本workingcapital固定资本fixedcapitalcost总资本totalcapitalcost折旧费depreciation现金流量cashflow折现现金流量Discountcashflow工况研究casestudy产权资本，自有资本equity建设资本利息interestduringconstruction　　1.6业务范围　现场勘测sitesurvey工艺设计processdesign基础设计basicengineering基础设计包basicdesignpackage详细设计detailengineering采购procurement海运oceantransportation陆运inlandtransportation安装erectionwork土建工作civilwork施工constructionwork临时工作temporarywork投料试车commissioning培训training（现场）指导supervisoryservice顾问advisoryservice初步设计preliminaryproject最终设计finalproject基础设施infrastructure上部结构superstructure软件software硬件hardware　　1.7工厂分类与设计　处女地工厂grassrootplant总厂integralplant分厂singleplant成套装置packageplant翻版（设计）厂copyplant生产厂commercialplant中试工厂pilotplant试验室规模装置benchscaleunit石化总厂petrochemicalcomplex下游（厂）downstream(工业）放大scale-up扩建expansion改建、更改modification镜像布置mirrorimage设计余量overdesign降负荷运转turndown清除瓶颈debottlenecking工厂模型plantmodel　　1.8设备　工艺装置processplant装置区内onsite装置区外offsite界区内insidebatterylimit界区外outsidebatterylimit 公用工程设施utilityfacility贮存设施storagefacility辅助设施auxiliaryfacility衔接interconnection主变电所mainsubstation发电设施powergenerationfacility事故发电设备emergerncypowergenerationfacility水处理装置watertreatmentfacility冷却塔coolingtower抽水设备waterintakefacility海水淡化装置desalinationfacility蒸汽发生装置steamgenerationfacility仪表空气发生装置instrumentairgenerationfacility惰性气发生装置inertgasgenerationfacility空分装置airseparationfacility罐区tankyard散装贮存设备bulkstoragefacility包装机械baggingfacility制袋设备bagmakingfacility装瓶设备bottlingfacility装货设备loadingfacility卸货设备unloadingfacility铁路侧线railwaysiding栈桥jetty行政办公室administrationbuilding维修车间maintenanceshop中央化验室centrallaboratory内部通信设施intercommunicationfacility广播系统pulicaddresssystem寻呼系统pagingfacility消防设施firefightingfacility安全器具safetyequipment生活设施colony公用设施townshop娱乐设施recreationfacility　　1.9相关企业　承包商contractor主承包商primecontractor分包商subcontractor直接费用dicrecthire专利商licenser转专利者sub-licenser专利使用者licensee专利拥有者patentowner竞争者competitor国际财团consertium合作者collaberator买方（1）buyer（2）purchaser卖方seller厂商vender制造商(1)maker(2)manufacturer业主owner顾问consultant技术顾问technicaladviser用户user最终用户enduser客户（1）customer（2）client代理商agent挂名人dummy 　　二投标合同　2.1投标概况　询价inquiry报价、估价书quotation/estimation投标、投标书bid/tender投标资料biddocuments预审pre-qualification意向书letterofintent　　2.2合同用语　协议agreement合同、契约contract注销cancellation约定consideration合同转让assignmentofcontract不可抗力forcemajeure仲裁arbitration基本法governinglaw秘密条款（1）secrecyclause（2）non-disclosureclause预定损坏赔偿费liquidateddamages总倍偿额度totalliability连带（债务）jointandseveral优先债权lien免除waiver保证guaranty担保warranty赔偿indemnity定义definition增额escalation罚款penalty支付条款termsofpayment税金taxandduties侵犯专利patentinfringement最高现额ceiling委任书powerofatterney保证金bond　　2.3合同形式　招标合同competitivebidcontract议付合同negotiatedcontractFOB合同FOB-typecontract成套承包合同（1）turnkeycontract（交钥匙合同）（2）chefmontagecontract总付合同lumpsumpricecontract单价契约unitpricecontract正价加附加费合同costplusfeecontract预投标协议pre-bidagreement产品抵债productssharing互购交易counterpurchasetransaction　　三支付、金融、财务　3.1支付、金融　支付条款、支付条件paymentterms延期付款deferredpayment留存款项、保留资金retentionmoney定期付款schedulepayment施工分期付款progressivepayment付款交单D/Pdocumentsagainstpayment承兑交单D/Adocumentagainstacceptance信贷、信用credit卖方信贷，供应商信贷supplier,scredit买方信贷buyer,scredit 银行借贷bankloan财政、金融finance借款、借贷loan偿还reimburse,reimbursement保证书letterofguarantee信用证、信贷证letterofcredit外汇兑换率exchangerate兑换单，汇票单据documentarybillofexchange汇款、汇兑基金remittance　　3.2财务　自然增长基数accrualbasis资产负债表，决算表balancesheet损益报表P&Lprofitandlossstatement　　四采购、运输、保险　4.1进出口手续exportlicese出口许可证变更E/LamendCOCOMcoordinatingcommittee标准结算方法standardpayment非标准结算方法non-standardpaymentDBCdraw-backcargo出口申报银行exportdeclarationbankE/D出口申报单exportdeclarationcustom进口许可证importlicense进口申报单importdeclaration保税区域bondedarea关税importduty原产地证明书certificateoforigin发票invoice　　4.2运输　装箱单packinglist提单billoflading[B/L]指示提单orderB/L直接提单straightB/L装运提单shippedB/L,ON-boardB/L备运提单receivedB/L不附带条件的提单cleanB/L不洁提单dirtyB/L,foulB/L直运提单directB/L联运提单throughB/L船上收货单mate,sreceipt装货通知单shippingorder[s/o]交货单deliveryorder[d/o]空运货单airwaybill海上运费oceanfreight海上运费同盟freightconference目的地付费freightpayableatdestination出港前付费freightprepaid码头工人搬运费stevedorage空载运费deadfreight船到港预定时间expectedtimeofarrival[ETA]船离港预定时间expectedtimeofdeparture海关快速发货customquickdespatch滞船费demurrage码头搬运商stevedore超尺寸运输over-dimensioncargo4.3保险　海上保险marinecargoinsurance现场指导失误保险supervisor,sriskinsurance　　4.4贸易条件　出厂价（1）EXworks （2）EXfactony（3）EXmill海上交货FOB-namedportofshipment合保险海上交货CIF-namedportofdestination国境交货条件francofrontier　　4.5采购　采购procurement厂家vendor厂家一览表vendorlist市场价marketprice黑市价darkprice现价up-to-datepricelevel报价quotation偏差表deviationlist到货时间timeofdelivery支付方式（1）termsofpayment（2）paymentconditions（3）paymentterms延缓支付deferredpayment现金支付cashondelivery分期支付instalmentpayment预先支付downpayment发货前支付advancepayment到货后支付progresspayment计划支付scheduledpayment购买条件termsandconditionsofpurchase折价discount谈判、交涉negotiation澄清clarification购买意向intenttopurchase比较表tabulation评标evaluation价格分析valueanalysis订购单purchaseorder变更订购单changeorder支付方式methodofpayment现金cash支票check期货promissorynote催货expediting跟踪系统follow-upsystem　　4.6包装　包装packing防锈包装rust-proofpacking防潮湿包装moisture-proofpacking防水包装water-proofpacking软包装shrinkpacking木箱woodenbox板条箱crate框架箱framedbox滑撬底座skidbase码垛盘pallet侧板sideplate吊具slingfitting花蓝螺丝turnbuckle钢带steelstrapping角保护带edgeprotecterclosureplate保护角cornerprotecter板board合板plywood缓冲材料cushioningmaterial通气孔盖ventilationcover 超载superimposedload开包unpacking船上标志shppingmark注意标志caremark　　五项目执行及费用管理　5.1项目执行　总图会议kick-offmeeting项目研究会议projectstudymeeting开工会议launchingmeeting项目报告projectreporting审查会议screeningmeeting进展报告progressreport协调过程coordinationprocedure变更指示changeorder认可approval复阅review5.2工程　项目完工报告jobclose-outreport项目执行报告jobperformancereport完工汇编close-outbook反馈系统feedbacksystem项目设计条件projectdesigninformation会签inter-departmentcheck工程设计engineeringdesign工艺条件确认engineeringreview工艺条件校核engineeringchecking项目完成指标审核表projectperformancechecksheet施工版approvedforconstruction(AFC)设计变更errorreport技术文件technicaldatabook管道材料工艺条件processdataforpipingmaterial荷载条件loadingdata关键路径法criticalpathmethod关键路径进度表criticalpathschedulingPERTprogramevaluationandreviewtechnique　　5.3费用及工时管理　工程预算projectcontrolbudget工时man-hourM/H工日man-dayM/H人月man-monthM/H考勤表timesheet工作号worknumber项目号jobnumber前期项目号propesalnumber改进工作improvementwork闲滞idie工时报告man-hourreport项目工时汇总jobman-hoursperformancereport　　5.4费用分类　费用分类codeofaccount主帐majoraccount分帐sub-account设备位号itemnumber　　5.5组织　指定assign借调on-lcan项目成员projectmember项目经理projectmanager项目经理助理assistantprojectmanager 施工经理constructionmanager开车经理operationmanager现场指挥fieldmanager项目前期经理proposalmanager估算员estimator原始购销员originator协调员coordinator项目设计协调员projectdesigncoordinator　　六标准化，资料管理，法规，规格　6.1标准化　标准化standardization标准、规格standard工程规定engineerspecification项目特殊要求specificjobrequirement工程手册engineeringmanual标准图standarddrawing工程用表格engineeringform法规lawandregulation法律law　　6.2资料管理　情报管理informationanddocumentation信息中心informationcenter调研（追述）retrospectivesearching信息选择服务selectivedisseminationofinformation情报跟踪currentawareness检索效率retrievalefficieney资料documents原文献primarysources文献摘要secondaryscurces边载刊物seriais定期刊物periodieals（学会）纪要memoirs会报transactions会议论文conferencepaper会议纪录proceedings索引期刊indexjournal文献期刊abstractjournal情报摘要informativeabstracts提示文稿indicativeabstracts图书目录bookcataing标题目录titlecataing总目录unioncatalog标准目录standardcutalog关键词keyword省略词stopwordKWIC索引keyword-in-contersindexKWOC索引keyword-out-of-contextindex顺序索引penmutedindex相关索引coordinateindex主题分析subjecktanalysis统计分类statisticalclassification国际十进分类法universaldecimalclassification借阅卡片visiblecard书卡bookcard档案系统filingsystem微缩复制microcopy微缩系统micro-system微缩卡片fichefilm　　6.3法规　 高压气体取缔法highpressuregascontrollaw消防法fireservicelaw劳动安全卫生法industrialsafetyandhealthlaw建筑基本法buildingstandardlaw单位制systemofunits国际单位制internationalsystemofunits　　七工厂系统图.设备布置图.配管图及材料统计　7.1图纸、条件图　工艺流程图processflowdiagram管道仪表流程图processpiping&instrument　flowdiagram(PID)公用工程流程图utilityflowdiagram(UFD)框图blockflowdiagram公用工程介质平衡图utilitybalancediagram平面布置图plotplan立面布置图generalarrangement总图generalplotplan规划图planningdrawing管道研究图pipingstudydrawing管道布置图(配管图)pipingarrangementdrawing分区图keyplan管道走向研究图pipingroutingstutydrawing地下管道图undergroundpipingdrawing管道特殊管件图pipingspecialpartsdrawing管架详图pipinghangingdrawing预制图prefabricationdrawing参考图referencedrawing通用图typicaldrawing制造厂图vender,sdrawing管道轴测图isometricpipingdrawing竣工图as-builtdrawing模型model管线表lineschedule计算书calculationsheet图纸目录drawingschedule发图阶段issuestage版次revisionnumber编号体系numberingsystem比例scale工厂北向plantnorth海平面标高over-seameanlevel标高elevation已有钢结构existingstructure装货区loadingarea公用工程站utilitystation柱号columnnumber净空headroom通道accessway小通道catway钢结构顶部标高topofstructureelevation管底标高bottomofpipingelevation主管口径runsize顶平偏心异径管eccentricreducertopflat中心到面的距离centertoface工作点标高workingpointelevation管架标注nangingmarking冷拉coldspring管线记号linesymbol管线接口lineconnection物流号streamNO管线号lineNO.管道等级号(1)classdesignation 　(2)specdesignation阀门号valveNO等级分析specificationbreak重要管道criticalpiping总管headerpipe仪表管道instrumentpiping排放管道blowdownpiping火炬气管道flarepiping输送管线transferline入口管线suctionline排水管effluentline旁通管bypassline吹扫系统purgesystem放空接口ventconnection软管接口hoseconnection双切断阀及排放阀doubleblockandbleeder污水沟sewerditch冷凝液池condensatepit积水坑sumpbox漏斗dripfunnel管段spoolpiece垫环spacerring限流孔板restrictionorifice流量喷咀flownozzle液体混合用三通mixingtee喷头spraynozzle粗滤器strainer临时粗滤器temporarystrainer疏水阀steamtrap爆破膜rupturedisk蒸汽伴热管道steam-tracedpiping夹套管道jacketedpiping地下管道undergroundpiping　　7.2管道要素　钢管steelpiping螺纹端管threadedpipe法兰端管flangedpipe锻制的swage光滑弯管smoothbendU型弯管u-bend弯管bendingpipe波纹管膨胀节expansinonbellows柔性管flexiblepipe管件接头pipefittingjoint机械连接mechanicaljoint活套连接lappedjoint环形垫连接ringtypejoint扩口接头flaretypejoint非扩口接头flarelesstypejoint承插连接bellandspigotvictaulic接头victaulicjoint弯头elbow异径管reducer管接头coupling活接头union短管nipple法兰flange配对法兰companionflange法兰盖blindflange异径法兰reducingflange八字盲板（1）spectactleblind（2）reversibleblind平板式法兰plateflange 带颈法兰hubbedflange对焊法兰weldingneckflange松套法兰looseflange管端突缘stubend法兰面flangeface垫片沟槽gasketgroove满平面fullface突面raisedface大准槽面largetongueandgrooveface双凹凸面doublemale&femaleface大凹凸面largemale&femaleface金属垫片metallicgasket非金属垫片non-metallicgasketsemi-metallicgasketO型环O-ring透镜垫lensring对焊buttweld承插焊接socketweld滑套焊接slip-onweld焊接支管台weldolet插入环insertting管帽cap材料表billofmaterial材料统计take-off管段表linebillofmaterial估算汇总表estimationsummarysheet备品备件表sparepartslist报价表quotationsheet订货单purchaseorderschedule材料汇总表billofmaterialsummary状态报告statusreport分布报告distributionreport价格、重量一览表cost&weightsummary价格、重量汇总表cost&weighttotal定货管理表ordercontrol管道材料管理体表pipingmaterialcontrolsheet元件代号itemcode标记号tagnumber标准形态standardshape轴测图isometricdrawing管线号linereference批号batchreference管子下料表pipingcuttinglist制作件表fabricationpartslist组装件表erectionpartlist固定架anchor滑动架restingsupport导向架guide限位架directionalstop减振架dampener支架support管托shoe保冷管托cradle鞍座saddle耳轴trunnion吊架hanger刚性吊架rigidhanger弹簧吊架springhanger恒力吊架constanthanger阀门valve截止阀globevalve闸阀gatevalve针形阀needlevalve球阀ballvalve 止回阀checkvalve隔膜阀diaphragmvalve三通阀three-wayvalve角阀anglevalve蝶阀butterflyvalve旋塞阀cock伸长杆操作extensionstem-operation链操作chain-operated齿轮操作gear-operated扳手操作wrench-operated电动操作motor-operated阀芯trim阀盖bonnet焊接支管weldbranch偏置offset焊接根部间隙weldrootgap现场调整后在下料和焊接cutandweldafteradjusting坡度slope工作点workingpoint管架说明notesforpipinghanging部门间校核版interdepartmentalcheckprint平端plainend坡口端beveledend管道连接图pipinghook-updrawing管道说明图notesforpipingdrawing标题栏titleblock寻价单pipingrequisitionsheet　　八配管及一般设备设计　8.1保温，保冷　绝热insulation设备绝热表equipmentinsulationschedule绝热符号insulationcode保温设计designofcoldinsulation正常操作所用的保温insulationforstableoperating人身防护personnelprotection防火层fire-proofing防结露anti-sweat防冻winterizing防音soundprotection保温材料hotinsulationmaterial保冷材料coldinsulationmaterial石棉asbestos硅藻土diatomaceousearth岩棉rockwool玻璃棉glasswool碳酸镁magnesiumcarbonate硅酸铝calciumsilicate珍珠岩perlite软木板corkboards毛毡hairfelt泡沫聚氨酯foampolystyrene硬泡沫氨基甲酸乙酯rigidfoamurethane硬泡沫橡胶rigidfoamrubber玛碲脂mastic耐磨损材料anti-abrasioncoatingmaterial管壳laggingcloth铁丝网hexagonalwirenetting填缝材料caulkingmaterial保护层jacketingsheet　coversheet波纹铝板corrugatedaluminumsheet有色镀锌钢板precoatedgalvanizedsheet搭板buttstrap Z型接头Z-joint　　8.2防腐涂漆　色标colour-code孟塞尔色系munsellnotation管道识别色identificationofpipingsystem防腐层externalcoating油漆paint清漆varnish防腐漆anti-corrosivepaintrush-proofpaint含铝漆aluminumpaint底漆primer耐酸漆acid-proofpaint耐酸漆acid-proofpaint耐碱漆alkali-proofpaint耐热漆heat-resistingpaint测温漆thermo-paint绝缘漆insulationvarnish表面处理surfacepreparation涂漆painting阴级保护cathodicprotection　　8.3振动解析　机械振动mechanicalvibration自由振动freevibration强制振动forcedvibration自励振动self-excitedvibration固有频率naturalfrequency固有周期naturalperiod波谷loop波峰node正弦振动sinusoidaloscillation非线性振动non-linearoscillation阻尼振动dampedvibration临界阻尼criticaldamping衰减系数（1）attenuationconstant（2）decaycoefficient（3）decayfactor共振resonance扭曲振动torsionalvibration挠性振动flexuralvibration极限速度criticalspeed固有值characteristicvalue临界条件boundarycondition弹性系数springconstant惯性矩momentofinertia回转半径radiusofgyration振动吸收装置dynamicvibrationabserber液压减振器hydraulicdamper弹簧减振器(1)springdampener(2)springdamper油压锁定oillock　　8.4耐振设计　固有振动方式naturalfrequencymode卓越周期predominantperiod基本周期firstnaturalfrequency横波transversewave纵波longitudinalwave相对位移relativedisplacement质量比massratio静解析法staticmethod修正静解析法correctedstaticmethod 动解析法modalanalysis时历响应解析法timehistoryresponseanalysis设计响应光谱designresponsespectrum加速响应光谱accelerationresponsespectrum地板响应光谱foorresponsespectrum标准响应光谱standardresponsespectrum加速响应增幅比accelerationresponseamplituderatio刚性结构rigidstructure柔性结构flexiblestructure长周期结构long-periodstructure刚性框架rahmenrigidframe地震波earthquakeaccelerogram位移量记录displacementrecord设计地震designearthquake设计震度designseismiccoefficient地震earthquake震源距离distancetocentrum震中距离distancetoepicenter震吸magnitude地震波显示仪seismoscope地震仪seismograph耐振等级seismicclass基岩baserock　　8.5应力分析　外力externalforce内力internalforce反作用力reactionforce力偶coupleofforce弯矩bendingmoment扭矩twistingmoment应力stress弯曲应力bendingstress扭曲应力torsionalstress圆周应力hoopstress峰值应力peakstress一次应力primarystress二次应力secondarystress轴向应力axialstress重复应力repeatedstress脉动应力pulsatingstress交变应力alternatingstress应变strain应变能strainenergy主应力principalstress主应力理论principalstresstheory最大剪切应力理论maximumshearingstresstheory残余应力residualstress热应力thermalstress热破坏thermalshock疲劳fatigue疲劳曲线s-ndiagram疲劳极限(1)fatiguelimit(2)endurancelimit腐蚀corrosionfatigue蠕变creep蠕变疲劳creepfatigue尺寸效应sizeeffect应力集中系数coefficientofstressconcentration形状系数shapecoefficient缺口系数notchfactor应力强度系数stressintensityfactor几何惯性矩geometricalmomentofinertia断面系数modulusofsection 断面极惯性矩polarmomentofinertiaofarea扬氏模量young,smodulus横向弹性系数modulusoftransverseelasticity体积弹性系数modulusofvolumetricelasticity泊松比poissor,sratio弹性极线elasticlimit屈服点yieldpoint拉伸强度tensilestrength伸长elongation永久变形permanentset弹性flexibility弹性分析elasticanalysis弹性屈服elasticbuckling塑性plasticity塑变滞后plasticityhysteresis极限分析limitanalysis弹塑性分析elastic-plasticanalysis疲劳分析fatigueanalysis有限元法finiteelementmethod静荷载deadload　　8.6流体流动　水锤waterhammer急关rapidclosure缓关slowclosure冲击波shockwave液压振动acousticvibrationofliquidflow脉动pulsationflow两相流two-phaseflow气压振动acousticvibration卡门涡街karmaneddies颤动fluttering气蚀cavitation　　8.7噪音　噪音(1)noise(2)undesiredsound听力范围auditorysensationarea掩蔽masking背景噪音backgroundnoise声强soundintensity声压soundpressure声压值soundpressurelevel噪声值(1)noiselevel(2)soundlevel噪声计soundlevelmeter听觉校正回路weightingnetwork音平loundnesslevel音能soundpower音能值soundpowerlevel总体值overalllevel90%范围90%range中间值medianNR数noiseratingnumber频率分析器frequencyanalyzer倍频带octaveband1/3的倍频带1/3octaveband波段值bandlevel音场soundfield方向性directivity方向系数directivityfactor衍射diffraction声源soundsource房间常数roomconstant 吸音率soundabsorptioncoefficient穿透率transmissioncoefficient穿透损失transmissionloss质量原理masslaw　　8.8设计条件　操作压力operatingpressure最高操作压力maximumoperatingpressure操作温度operatingtemperature最高操作温度maximumoperatingtemperature温度基准basetemperature腐蚀裕度corrosionallowance许容应力allowablestress安全系数safetyfactor地理条件geologicalconditions　　九塔.槽.换热器.加热炉　9.1图面用语　设备表vesselschedule工程图engineeringdrawing管口表（1）nozzlechart（2）nozzleschedule管口方位nozzleorientation于焊件图clipschedule切线tangentline(TL)焊缝线weldline(WL)参照线wrokingline(WL)基准线baseline(BL)　　9.2容器　容器vessel塔tower自支承塔self-supportedtower板式塔traytower填料塔packedtower喷淋塔spraytower槽。罐drum储罐tank球罐sphericaltankballtank浮顶罐floatingrooftank锥顶罐conerooftank拱顶罐domerooftank双壁罐doublewalltank湿式气柜wetgasholder干式气柜drygasholder料仓（1）silo（2）bin料斗hopper　　9.3内件　内件internals塔盘tray泡罩塔盘bubblecaptray筛板塔盘perforatedtray浮阀塔盘valvetray单流向式塔盘uni-fluxtray波纹塔盘rippletray塔盘板deck溢流堰weir降液管downcomer密封糟sealpot取液糟draw-offpot密封盘sealpan 塔盘支承环traysupportring鲍尔环pallring泪孔weephole填料packing拉希环raschingring矩鞍形填料intaloxsaddle分布器distributor除沫器demister进料挡板feeddeflector防涡流挡板vortexbreaker内筒cartridge　　9.4主要附属品　壳体shell变颈段reducingsection封头head椭圆形封头ellipsoidalhead蝶形封头（1）dishedhead（2）torisphericalhead半球形封头hemisphericalhead锥形封头conicalhead平封头flathead加强圈reinforcingring加套jecket人孔manhole手孔handhole检查孔inspectionhole接管nozzle凸缘padnozzle锻制接管forgednozzle补强板reinforcingpad信号孔tell-talehole容器支座vesselsupport裙座skirt支腿leg支耳supportlug底座baseblock基础环basering筋板gussetplate压环compressionring鞍座saddle模板template通道accessopening套管pipesleeve连接板lug予焊件clip接地板earthlug吊耳liftinglug平台platform梯子ladder保温支承insulationsupport吊柱davit人孔铰链manholehinge放空口ventnozzle呼吸阀breathervalve计量口guagehatch　　9.5换热器　换热器heatexchange换热面积heattransferarea总传热系数overallheattransfercoefficient境膜传热系数filmcoefficient对数平均温差logarithmicmeantemperaturedifference(LMID) 平均温差meantemperaturedifference(MID)污垢系数foulingfactor布管图tubearrangement三角形排列triangulararrangement转角三角形排列rotatedtriangulararrangement正方形排列squarearrangement转角正方形排列rotatedsquarearrangement最大布管图outsidetubelimit管壳式换热器sheetandtubeheatexchange固定管板换热器fixedtubesheetheatexchange浮头式换热器floatingheadtypeheatexchangeU形管换热器U-tubetypeheatexchange釜式换热器kettletypeheatexchange套管式换热器doubletubetypeheatexchange冲洗式冷却器irrigationcooler蛇管换热器coiltypeheatexchanger插管式换热器bayonettypeheatexchanger板式换热器platetypeheatexchanger螺旋板式换热器spiralheatexchanger夹套式换热器jackettypeheatexchanger石墨换热器graphiteheatexchanger空冷式换热器air-cooledheatexchanger换热管tube折流板baffleplate管箱channel分程隔板passpartitionplate浮头floatinghead防冲挡板impingementbaffle管束tubebundie管板tubesheet管子与管板的连接tube-to-tubesheetjoint管接头ferrule　　9.6加热炉　加热炉direct-firedheater热负荷(1)heatduty(2)heatrelease热损失heatloss加热炉效率efficiencyofheater热流率heatflux管壁温度tubeskintemperature体积热负荷volumetricheatrelease　radiantsection　convectionsection　shieldsection　bridgewall　exposedwall　shieldedwall管道支撑tubesupport燃烧管(1)heatertube(2)furnacetube　extendedsurfacetube　(1)header(2)headerbox回弯头returnbend管道间接连管crossover通风draft烟道flue烟道挡板damper烟囱stack烧嘴burner过量空气excessair风箱windbox观察孔(1)observationdoor (2)peepdoor检修孔accessdoor防爆门explosiondoor吹灰器scotblower油漆清车导轨paintertrolley陶瓷纤维ceramicfiber耐火砖firebrick保温耐火砖insulationfirebrick保温板insulationboard可铸耐火材料castable衬里支撑lininganchor炉壁横梁lintel膨胀节expansionjoint　　十转动机械　10.1轴shaft轴承bearing轴承箱bearinghousing联轴节shaftcoupling滑轮pulleyV形皮带（三角皮带）v-belt转动设备turningequipment润滑lubrication润滑油(1)lubricationoil(2)lubeoil密封seal轴封shaftseal填料packing填料箱stuffingbox油膜密封oilfilmseal油封sealoil机械密封mechanicalseal齿轮gear曲轴crankshaft连杆connectingrod十字头crosshead气缸cylinder缸套cylinderliner气缸阀cylindervalue活塞piston金属填料metallicpacking予埋板soleplate基座baseplate柱塞plunger箱体（壳体）casing转子roter平衡活塞balancepiston迷宫密封labyrinth叶轮impeller轴套sleeve耐磨环wearingring灯笼环(1)lanternring(2)sealcage　　10.2转动机械性能　轴动力(1)shaftpower(2)brakehorsepower额定制动马力ratedbrakehorsepower齿轮传动损失gearloss机械效率mechanicalefficiency机械损失mechanicalloss额定转数ratedspeed最大连续转数maximumcontinuousspeed旋转油膜oilwhirl 临界速度criticalspeed顺时针clockwise转矩torque起动转矩startingtorque性能performance特性characteristics压头head液压功率hydraulichorsepower活塞位移pistondisplacement体积效率volumetricefficiency显示图indicatordiagram压力脉冲率pressurepulsationratio　　10.3泵　泵pump泵效率pumpefficiency气蚀cavitation气蚀系数cavitationcoefficient净正吸入压头netpositivesuctionhead离心泵centrifugalpump混流泵（斜流泵）mixed-flowpump轴流泵axialpump容量泵displacementtypepump往复泵（活塞泵）reciprocatingpump旋转泵rotarypump再生泵regenerativepump底阀footvalve　　10.4压缩机、风机等　压缩机compressor压缩机效率compressorefficiency往复式压缩机reciprocatingcompressor间隙容积clearancevolume隙囊clearancepocket减压器unloader离心式压缩机centrifugalcompressor轴面压缩机axialcompressor涡轮压缩机turbocompressor鼓风机blower风机fan涡轮式鼓风机turboblower涡轮风机turbofan多叶片风机multi-bladefan旋浆式风机propellerfan罗茨鼓风机(1)rootsblower(2)two-lobeblower螺杆式压缩机screwcompressor湍振surging中间冷却器intercooler后冷却器（二次冷却器）aftercooler缓冲器snubber　　10.5透平　透平turbine冲动式透平impulseturbine反作用式透平reactionturbine凝汽式透平condensingturbing抽气式透平extractionturbing背压式透平backpressureturbing透平效率turibingefficiency调速器governor速度范围speedrange速度调节阀speedgoverningvalve应急调速器emergencygovernor 跳闸速度（应急速度限）tripspeed应急阀tripvalve操纵阀sentinelvalve　　10.6冷冻机　冷冻机refrigerator制冷剂refrigrerant　　十一其他机械　11.1搬运　起重运输设备materialhandling输送机conveyor带式输送机beltconveyor链式输送机chainconveyor平盘输送机panconveyor粉体输送机continuousflowconveyor气力输送机pneumaticconveyor混合比weightratioofsolidtogas螺旋输送机screwconveyor振动输送机vibratingconveyor滚轴输送机rollerconveyor斗式提升机bucketelevator平台给料机tablefeeder定量给料机（1）constantfeeder（2）constantfeedweighter地平scale包装机packingmachine缝袋机sewingmachine热封口机heatsealer卷扬机hoist倒链、葫芦chainblock天车overheadcrane悬臂起重机jibcrane龙门起重机gantrycrane倾倒卸货机cardumper手推车handcart储存场装载输送机recluimer铲式装料机shovelloader起运载重机shiploader起运卸货机shipunloader堆积机stacker码垛机palletizer卸垛机depalletizer叉车forklifttruck鹤管loadingarm　　11.2粉碎　粉碎crushing粉碎机crusher碾磨机mill破碎机disintegrator比粉碎能力specificcrushingcapacity粉碎比crushingratio粉碎性grindability筛网screen切裁尺寸cutsize丝网mesh集尘器dustcollector空气过滤器（1）aircleaner（2）airfilter旋风分离器cyclone多管式旋风分离器multiclone(MC)集尘效率dustcollectorefficiency再飞散re-entrainment 　　11.3化学机械　离心式分离机centrifuge澄清器decanter过滤器filter过滤介质filtermedium滤饼filtercake板框式压滤机filterpress叶滤机leaffilter转鼓过滤机drumfilter带式过滤机beltfilter盘式过滤机panfilter预涂助滤剂的过滤机precoatfilter干燥机dryer转盘式干燥器rotarydryer流化床干燥器fluidizedbeddryer气流干燥器pneumaticconveyingdryer带式干燥器banddryer喷雾干燥器spraydryer平衡含水率equilibriummoisturecontent临界含水率criticalmoisturecontent体积传热系数volumetricheattransfercoefficient热效率thermalefficiency回转炉rotarykiln刨片机flaker包裹筒coatingdrum混料机biender混合器mixer圆桶式混合器drummixer捏土混合器pugmixer捏合机kneader捏合搅拌机kneadermill搅拌机（1）agitator（2）stirrer造粒机pelletizer圆桶式造粒机drumgranulator平板式造粒机pangranulator压缩成型briquetting造粒机pastillator挤压机extruder成型机moldingmachine燃烧装置flaringequipment火炬烟囱elevatedflarestack地面燃烧groundflare分子筛密封molecularseal液封fluidicseal　　十二公用工程　12.1锅炉.蒸汽及给水系统　锅炉boiler水管锅炉watertubeboiler废热锅炉wasteheatboiler排气锅炉exhaustgasboiler混合燃料锅炉multi-fuelfiredboiler过热器superheater减温器desuperheater再热器reheater省煤器economizer空气予热器airpreheater煤粉燃烧装置pulverizedcoalfiringequipment燃料油燃烧装置fueloilfiringequipment助燃烧嘴(长明灯)stabilizingburner点火器(1)pilottorch(2)igniter (3)lighter起动用轻油烧嘴(1)warm-uplightoilburner(2)start-uplightoilburner一次空气primaryair烟道气再循环风机gasrecirculatingfan回火(1)backfire(2)blowback(3)puff不连续燃烧discontinuouscombustion脉动燃烧pulsatingcombustion负荷调整范围(1)turn-downratio(2)loadratio(3)loadrange低过量空气操作lowexcessairoperation加压燃烧pressurizedcombustion吹灰器scotblower锅炉自动控制系统automaticboilercontrolsystem气体置换联锁系统purgeinterlock燃料油添加剂fueloiladditives灰处理装置ashhandlingequipment灰沉淀池ashsettlingpond锅炉效率boilerefficiency循环比circulationratio安全阀起跳试验safetyvalaeoperationtest负荷试验loadtest排污blowdown排污罐blowdowntank蒸汽集气罐steamaccumulator蒸汽转化器steamconverter锅炉给水泵boilerfeedwaterpump开车给水泵start-upfeedwaterpump给水加热器feedwaterheater锅炉给水处理boilerfeedwatertreatment锅炉內水处理internaltreatment发泡foaming汽水并发priming过量夹带.沸腾延迟carryover化学清洗chemicalcleaning碱洗alkalicleaning酸洗acidcleaing　　12.2蒸汽轮机　额定输出ratedoutput节流调速throttlegoverning喷嘴增减调速nozzlecutoutgoverning负荷限制器loadlimiter调速操作speedgoverningoperation自动负载调节器automaticloadregulator稳态转速变化率steadystatespeedregulation最大转速变化率maximummomentaryspeedvariation调速器试验(1)governortest(2)dumptest机体温度匹配metalmatching手动停车优先mastertrip燃料停车优先masterfueltrip锅炉随动控制boilerfollowingcontrol透平随动控制turbinefollowingcontrol锅炉.透平平行控制boilerturbineparallelcontrol油净化器oilpurifier事故用柴油发电机emergencydieselgenerator　　12.3燃气轮机　燃气轮机gasturbine 开式燃气轮机opencyclegasturbine闭式燃气轮机closedcyclegasturbine单轴燃气轮机single-shaftgasturbine平行双轴式燃气轮机straightcompoundgasturbine交叉双轴式燃气轮机cross-compoundgasturbine气体发生器gasgenerator燃烧室(1)combustor(2)combustorchamber压缩机清洗设备compressorwashingequipment标准额定输出standardratedoutput峰值输出peakoutput燃烧负荷combustionload自运转self-sustaining　　12.4电厂　热电厂thermalpowerplant负荷系数loadfactor内耗率auxiliarypowerratio利用率utilizationfactor有效率availability可靠率reliability基本负荷baseload峰值负荷peakload中间负荷middleload短周期负荷fringeload长周期负荷sustainedload自起动blackstart最小负荷操作minimumloadoperation冷却塔coolingtower温差approach夹带损失driftloss蒸发损失evaporationloss　　12.5水处理　自然沉淀sedimentation凝聚coagulation沉淀settling絮凝器flocculator浓缩器thickener沉淀池clarifier砂滤器sandfilter旁路过滤器sidestreamfilter浓缩比concentrationratio饱和指数saturationindex防腐剂corrosioninhibitor分散剂dispersant化学药品注入chemicaldosing软化装置softener脱盐装置demineralizer离子交换树脂ionexchangeresin处理能力breakthroughcapacity树脂交换能力exchangecapacity再生效率regenerativeefficiency再生能力regenerativelevel2床3塔twobedsthreetowers纯水器polisher反渗透reverseosmosis电渗析electrodialysis活性污泥activatedsludge曝气aeration返送污泥returnsludge剩余污泥excesssludge污泥消化sludgedisestion滴滤池tricklingfilter 浮法(1)floatation(2)flotation甲烷发酵methanefermentation硝化nitrification脱氨denitrification混合液中挥发性mixedliquorvolatile悬浮物质suspendedsolids絮凝体floc浮渣scumBOD负荷BODloading污泥膨胀bulking　　12.6水质　水质qualityofwater碱性alkalinity应度hardness暂时应度temporaryhardness永久应度permanenthardness应水hardwater软水softwater电导率electricconductivity残留氯residualchlorine溶解固体dissolvedsolids灼烧损失ignitionloss水垢量evaporationresidue灼烧残渣ignitionresidue浊度turbidityBOD(生化需氧量)biochemicaloxygendemandCOD(化学需氧量)chemicaloxygendemand高锰酸钾消耗量permanganateconsumption溶解氧dissolvedoxygen大肠杆菌数mostprobablenumberofcoliformgroup　　十三化工操作及工厂装置名称　13.1反应　化学反应chemicalreaction反应器reactor聚合釜polymerizer裂解cracking重整reforming重整炉reformer歧化disproportionation烷基化alkylation脱烷基化dealkylation烷基转移transalkylation氢化(加氢)hydrogenation脱氢dehydrogenation加氢脱硫hydrodesulfurization加氢处理hydrotreating氢化裂解hydrocracking脱沥青deasphalting焦炭罐cokedrum(co)转换器shiftconverter甲烷转换器methanator分解器decomposer再生塔regenerator　　13.2吸收.吸附.分离　吸收塔absorber洗涤塔scrubber脱CO2塔decarbonator吸附塔adsorber 脱气器degasifier干燥器dryer空气干燥器airdryer减湿装置dehumidifier汽提塔stripper萃取塔extractor净化器purifier深冷分离lowtemperatureseparation蒸馏塔(1)distillatior(2)fractionator精馏塔rectifier常压蒸馏topping常压蒸馏塔topper稳定器stabilizer浓缩器concentrator结晶器crystallizer闪蒸罐flashdrum分离器separator湿式分离器mistseparator缓冲罐knock-outdrumAPI分离器APIseparator油分离器OILseparator油水分离器decanter沉淀器settler　　13.3热交换器　换热器heatexchanger在线换热器transferheatexchanger加热炉furnace预热器preheater再热器reheater冷却器cooler深冷器chiller再沸器reboiler热虹吸再沸器thermosiphonreboiler蒸发器evaporator气化器vaporizer冷凝器condenser尾气冷凝器ventcondenser省煤器economizer融解槽melter浸没燃烧submergedcombustion废热锅炉wasteheatboiler辅助锅炉auxilialyboiler　　13.4其它　接收器receiver储槽(1)reservoir(2)holder集气罐accumulator缓冲器buffer脉冲衰减装置pulsationdamper计量罐(1)measuringtank(2)meteringtank急冷塔quencher喷射器ejector升压器booster循环器recirculator加料器feeder焚烧炉incinerator火炬（烟囱）flarestack惰性气体发生器inertgasgenerator空分装置airseparationapparatus流体床操作fluid-bedoperation 造粒塔prillingtower海水淡化装置desalinationplant　　十四流体名称及流体的性质　14.1流体名　传热介质heattransfermedia载热体（热媒）heatingmedium冷却介质（冷媒）coolingmeadium盐水brine催化剂catalyst聚合引发剂polymerizationinitiator促聚剂polymerizationpromoter活化剂activator聚合调整剂polymerizationmodifier阻聚剂polymerizationinhibitor防腐剂corrosioninhibitor抑制剂inhibitor稳定剂stabilizer单体monomer聚合物polymer均聚物homopolymer共聚物copolymer母料masterpowder溶液solution乳浊液emulsion悬浊液suspension胶乳latex淤浆slurry母液motherliquor石脑油naphtha重油heavyoil芳香烃BTXP-P馏分P-PfractionC3馏分C3fractionB-B馏分B-Bfraction常压残渣atomosphericresidue久沸残渣longresiduum减压残渣vaccumresidue蒸馏残渣shortresiduum轻馏分light-end重尾馏分heavyend溶剂solvent贫溶剂leansolvent富溶剂richsolvent萃取extract提余液raffinate重整产品reformate液化天燃气LNG(liquefiednaturalgas)液化石油气LPG(liquefiedpetroleumgas)干气drygas酸性气sourgas无硫气sweetgas氮氧化物NO硫氧化物SO合成气synthesisgas转换气convertedgas分子筛molecularsieve活性铝（氧化铝）(1)activatedalumina(2)activealumina　　14.2流体的性质　蒸汽压vaporpressure临界温度criticaltemprature临界点criticalpoint 临界压力criticalpressure比热specificheat潜热latentheat湿度humidity密度density比重specificgravityAPI重度APIgravity粘度viscosity动力粘度kineticviscosity粘度指数viscosityindex比粘度specificviscosity倾点pourpoint云点cloudpoint凝固点freezingpoint融点meltingpoint浓度(1)concentration(2)content颜色(1)hue(2)color气味(1)crdor(2)smell闪点flashpoint引火点ignitionpoint热值heatingvalue辛烷值(1)octanenumber(2)o-value(3)o-rating特性系数characterizationfactorPONA分析PONAanalysis博士法试验doctortest碘值(1)iodinenumber(2)I-value溴值brominenumber焦碳残渣carbonresidue铜板腐蚀试验coppercorrosiontest蒸溜曲线distillationcurve　　14.3分体特性　安息角angleofrepose壁面摩擦系数coefficientofwallfriction颗粒密度particledensity粉体密度powerdensity粘度分布particlesizedistribution末端速度terminalvelocity　　十五操作，维护　15.1操作说明书operatinginstruction标准操作程序standardoperatingprocedure开车start-up试车running-in在操作中（在运转中）onstream装载loadup装罐（产品）run-down停车shut-down预防修理（小修）turn-around正常停车normalshutdown运转周期runlength冲洗flushing喷射清洗jetcleaning化学清洗chemicalcleaning大修overhaul盘车barring研磨lapping干燥dryout 电干燥electricdrying运转中检查（在线检查）on-streaminspection在线维修on-streammaintenance生产保全productivemaintenance间歇操作batchoperation半间歇操作semi-batchoperation连续操作continuousoperation制备preparation补充make-up回收recovery再生regeneration循环circulation再循环recycle除焦decoking放空vent蒸气吹扫steamingout吹扫purge抽真空evacuation吹出blow-off排污blowdown熄火blow-out事故排放emergencyvent安全排空conservationvent阻火器flamearrester防爆膜（爆破片）rupturedisc安全泄气阀safetyvalve过流防止阀emergencyvalve事故切断阀excessflowvalve排放阀dischargvalve破真空vaccumbreaker大气腿barometricleg锁开lockedopen锁关lockedclose铅封开carsealedopen旁路by-pass操作管线on-streamline备用stand-by　　15.2操作状态　污染contamination波动fluctuation操作稳定性operatingstability溢流、液泛flooding沟流channeling停留时间(1)residencetime(2)retentiontime滞留量hold-up界面interface飞沫priming物沫夹带entrainment漏液weeping发泡foaming回火back-fire净正吸入压头NPSH回流reflux转化率conversion进料feed输入intake冷凝液condensate放净drain塔顶流出物overhead釜液bottoms饱和蒸汽saturatedsteam过热蒸汽superheatedsteam 直接蒸汽livesteam窒息蒸汽smotheringsteam鼻烟蒸汽snuffingsteam雾化蒸汽atomizingsteam　　十六防灾和环保　16.1消防设备　水龙带firehose水管接口waternozzle消火栓hydrant供水口siameseconnection泡沫灭火剂foam空气泡沫发生器airfoamchamber上升管过滤器riserstrainer消防软管接头rirehoseconnection泡沫接口foamnozzle水枪monitor喷头head喷头.喷嘴spray水喷淋（罐顶）deluge水喷淋（罐壁）drencher洒水器sprinkler雾化fog水喷淋wateringCO2灭火系统CO2extinguishingsystem灭火器fireextinguisher干粉灭火器drychemicalpower消防水泵firepump稳压泵jockeypump消防车firefightingtruck急救车。救护车ambulancecar　　16.2火灾报警设备　自动火灾报警automaticfirealarmsystem监视器detector发送器，变送器transmitter接收器receiver转送器(1)translater(2)repeater火灾监视区firewatchingzone火灾检测区firesensingzone漏电报警器leakalarmdevice　　16.3其它防火设备　阻火器flamearrester紧急切断阀emergencyisolationvalve安全（泄气）阀safetyvalve爆破片（膜）rupturedisc联锁interlock防护堤dike防爆墙explosionproofingwall避雷针lightningarrester避难指示灯emergencydirectionallight避难路标emergencydirectionalindication航空标识灯(1)aircraftwarninglight(2)aircraftobstructionlight静电保护protectionofstaticelectricity线桥bonding地耳earthlug气体检测器gasdetector燥音累积器noiseexposuremeter　　16.4电气防爆　防爆结构explosion-protectedconstruction 增安型increasedsafetytype隔爆型flameprooftype本质安全型(1)intrinsicallysafetype(2)intrinsicsafetytype正压通风型pressurizedtype浸油型oil-immersedtype特殊型specialtype允许温升时间permissiblelocked-rotortime本安回路intrisicallysafecircuit本安连接回路associatedcircuitofintrinsicallysafesystem非本安回路non-intrinsically-safecircuit本安电器设备intrinsicallysafeapparatus安全栅barrier正压通风室pressurizedroom密封sealing防爆容器enclosurevessel　　16.5危险场所，火灾，爆炸　危险区(1)hazardousarea(2)hazardouslocation爆炸气体环境危险区hazardousareasforexplosivegasatmosphere粉尘危险区hazardousareafordust爆炸气体explosivegas粉尘dust危险源sourceofhazard爆炸等级explosiveclass引燃稳度组别ignitiongroup引燃点(1)ignitionpoint(2)firepoint闪点flashpoint爆炸极限(1)limitofexplosion(2)explosivelimits蒸汽密度vapordensity点火源ignitionsource静电staticelectrification爆炸explosion气体爆炸gasexplosion粉尘爆炸dustexplosion蒸汽爆炸vaporexplosion最小点火能minimumignitionenergy自燃spontaneousignition燃烧热heatofcombustion燃烧波combustionwave燃烧速度speedofcombustion爆轰detenation爆轰波detenationwave火球fireball一次灾害primarydisaster二次灾害secondarydisaster　　16.6化学设备，危险物，有害物　允许浓度acceptableconcentrations缺氧wantofoxygen听力下降hearingloss故障率failurerate故障分类failuremode故障间隔平均时间meantimebetweenfailures故障分类及影响分析failuremodeandeffectanalysis故障树分析faulttreeanalysis安全性safety减灾对策fail-safe防止误操作fool-proof 安全评价safetyassessment工业事故industrialaccident工业安全industrialsafety安全管理safetymanagement生产事故laboraccident人身伤害personalinjury事故统计accidentstatistics事故费accidentcost伤害原因injurysource人身防护用具personalprotectiveequipment急救firstaid劳动环境laborenvironment　　16.8公害　环境评估environmentalassessment环境标准environmentalstandard大气污染airpollution水污染waterpollution噪音noise土壤污染(1)soilcontamination(2)soilpollution地基下沉landsubsidence十七原子能　17.1一般　核不扩散条约non-proliferationtreatyofnuclearweapons(NPT)保障措施safeguards核设施nuclearfacility放射性同位素radiosotope原子核素nuclide放射性物质radioactivematerial放射性衰变radioactivedecay半衰期halflife放射性radioactivity射线radioactionα-射线（1）α-rays（2）alpha-raysβ-射线（1）β-rays（2）beta-raysγ-射线（1）γ-rays（2）gamma-raysх-射线х-rays中子neutron核反应nuclearreaction核分裂nuclearfission核裂变生成物fissionproduct(FP)活性区材料fissilematerial核裂变性物质fissionablematerial腐蚀生成物corrosionproduct(CP)核裂变连锁反应nuclearfissionchainreaction核聚变nuclearfusion临界criticality截面crosssection中子平衡neutroneconomy中子吸收剂neutronabsorber毒剂poison强防射性物质实验室hotlaboratory防护箱glovebox操作manipulator机械手magichand模型试验mock-uptest容器cask　　17.2反应堆与核燃料　 核反应堆nuclearreactor轻水堆lightwaterreactor(LWR)重水堆heavywaterreactor(LWR)沸水堆boilingwaterreactor压水堆pressurizedwaterreactor气冷堆gas-cooledreactor改进气冷堆advancedgas-cooledreactor高温气冷堆hightemperaturegas-cooledreactor新型转换堆advancedthermalreactor快速增殖堆fastbreederreactor核聚变反应堆nuclearfussionreactor核燃料nuclearfuel燃烧度burn-up烧干burn-out转换conversion冷却剂coolant减速剂moderator反射体reflector锆合金zircalloy镁合金magnox天然铀naturaluranium浓缩铀enricheduranium劣化铀depleteduranium废燃料spentfuel人造矾铀矿yellowcake六氟化铀uraniumhexafluoride二氧化铀uraniumdioxide核燃料循环fuelcycle铀浓缩uraniumenrichment串.级cascade分离工作单位sperativeworkunit气体扩散法gaseousdiffusionprocess离心分离法centrifugemethod再处理reprocessing混合沉降器mixer-settler迅速萃取器rapidcontractor　　17.3原子能发电　主安全壳primarycontainmentvessel反应堆压力容器reactorpressurevessel燃料棒fuelrod控制棒controlrod控制棒驱动机构controlroddrivemechanism温定器stabilizer出入口airlock人工岩石man-maderock反应堆锅炉系统nuclerboilersystem反应堆给水系统reactorfeedwatersystem主循环系统primarylooprecirculationsystem反应堆蒸汽系统nuclearsteamsupplysystem主蒸汽系统mainsteamsystem反应堆冷却系统reactorcoolantsystem反应堆冷却净化系统clean-upwatersystem化学容器控制系统chemicalandvolumecontrolsystem燃料池冷却净化系统fuelpoolcoolingandfilteringsystem余热去除系统residualheatremovalsystem反应堆隔离冷却系统reactorcoreisolationcoolingsystem工程安全系统engineeredsafetysystem紧急堆心冷却系统emergencycorecoolingsystem安全壳喷淋系统containmentspraysystem 堆心喷淋系统corespraysystem高压冷却剂注入系统highpressurecoolantinjectionsystem低压冷却剂注入系统lowpressurecoolantinjectionsystem安全注入系统safetyinjectionsystem硼酸注入系统stand-byliquidcontrolsystem安全壳空气调节系统atmosphericcontrolsystem可燃性气体浓度控制系统flammabilitycontrolsystem安全壳空气再循环系统containmentaircirculationcoolingandfiltrationsystem应急气体处理系统stand-bygastreatmentsystem反应堆保护系统reactorprotectionsystem中子监视系统neutronmonitoringsystem放射性废物radioactivewaste放射性废处理radioactivewastetreatment放射性废物处理radioactivewastedisposal放射性废处理系统radioactivewastesystem气体废弃物处理系统off-gassystem　　17.4放射性管理　感应放射性inducedradioactivity残余放射性residualactivity放射性污染radiationcontamination污染去除decontamination油迹法smearmethod污染去除剂decontaminationagent绝对过滤器absolutefilter放射性屏蔽radiationshield生体屏蔽biologicalshield热屏蔽thermalshield放射性平衡activitybalance放射性等级图radiationdosemap控制区controlarea高放射性区highactivityarea低放射性区lowactivityarea非居民区exclussionarea限制区restrictedarea区域放射性监视系统arearadiationmonitoringsystem监视站monitoringstation监视点monitoringpost手.脚衣服测定仪handfootandclothmonitor剂量仪dosimeter袖珍剂量仪pocketdosimeter胶片剂量计filmbadge袖珍剂量仪pocketchamber剂量计doseratemeter计数管countertube脉冲计数器pulsecounter测量计surveymeter全身计数器wholebodycounter被辐射exposure吸收剂量absorbeddose放射线剂量radiationdose当量剂量doseequivalent最大允许剂量maximumpermissibledose最大允许限度maximumpermissiblelimtlevel最大允许浓度maximumpermissibleconcentration累积剂量integraldose最大允许累积剂量maximumpermissibleintegraldose遗传剂量geneticdose国民剂量nationaldose放射性损伤radiationinjury放射性病radiationsickness 放射性防护radiationprotection生物性半衰期biologicalhalflife假想事故hypotheticalaccident设计基准事故designbasisaccident冷却剂丧失事故loss-of-coolantaccident品质保证qualityassurance使用期间检查in-serviceinspection　　17.5原子能单位　靶恩barn居里curie伦琴roentgen雷姆rem拉得rad十八电气　18.1图面　电气用图例符号graphicalsymbolforelectricalapparatus室内配线用符号graphicalsymbolofinteriorwiringdiagram　forarchitectureplans单线图singlelinediagram电力分布图powerdistributionmap总接线图overallconnectiondiagram顺序接线图,原理图(1)sequencediagram(2)schematicdiagram盘后接线图panel-backconnectiondiagram装置内部接线图deviceinsideconnectiondiagram连锁框图interlockblockdiagram继电气整定一缆表relaysettingschedule电机一缆表motorschedule危险区域图hazardousareaplan防爆设备一缆表listofexplosion-protectionforelectrical　equipmentinhazardousareas电气设备布置图electricalequipmentlayout电气设备布置一缆表electricalequipmentschedule单元配制图unitarrangement电动机控制中心柜表controlcentercubicleunitschedule主电缆布置图maincablerouteplan配线布置图wiringlayout电缆布置详图detaildrawingforcablearrangement电缆支架布置图cableracklayout电缆一缆表cableschedule接地线布置图(1)groundinglayout(2)earthinglayout照明回路一缆表lightingpanelboardcircuitschedule照明灯具一缆表lightingfixtureschedule通信系统布置图communicationsystemlayout火警系统布置图firealarmsystemlayout电气工程典型祥图typicaldetaildrawingforelectricalwork外形尺寸图outlinedimensiondrawing端子箱祥图terminalboxdetaildrawing电气材料一缆表listofconstructionmaterialforelectrical　work18.2电气一般　直流directcurrent交流alternatingcurrent脉动电流pulsatingcurrent电功率electricpower有效功率(1)activepower(2)effectivepower频率frequency市电频率(1)powerfrequency(2)commericalfrequency高次谐波higherharmonics有效值,均方根值(1)effectivevalue(2)root-mean-squarevalue 最大值maximumvalue峰值(1)crestvalue(2)peakvalue按扭pushbutton平均值meanvalue波形系数wave-formfactor失真率distorsionfactor相位phase相序(1)phasesequence(2)orderofphaserotation效率efficiency损失loss功率因素powerfactor功率因素补偿powerfactorimprovement接线方式connection中性点neutralpoint中性线(1)neutralline(2)neutralcondutor配电线路方式distributionlinesystem电压voltage低压lowvoltage高压highvoltage特别高压extra-highvoltage超高压ultra-highvoltage标准电压standardvoltage公称电压nominalvoltage最高电压maximumvoltage额定电压ratedvoltage线电压(1)line-to-linevoltage(2)linevoltage相电压phasevoltage外加电压(1)appliedvoltage(2)impressedvoltage对地电压(1)line-to-groundvoltage(2)voltagetoground终端电压terminalvoltage剩余电压residualvoltage反常电压abnormalvoltage冲击电压impulsevoltage电涌电压surgevoltage开闭异常电压swichingabnormalvoltage接触电压touchvoltage阶跃电压stepvoltage绝缘强度dielectricstrength绝缘距离insulationclearance漏电距离creepagedistance电压调节,稳压voltageregulation电压降voltagedrop瞬间电压降voltagedip电流current额定电流ratedcurrent许用电流allowablecurrent起动电流startingcurrent冲浪,浪涌（1）rushcurrent(2)inrushcurrent短路电流short-circuitcurrent接地电流(1)groung-faultcurrent(2)earth-faultcurrent激磁电流excitingcurrent充电电流chargingcurrent放电电流dischargingcurrent短时电流short-timecurrent断路电流(1)interruptingcurrent(2)breakingcurrent断路时间(1)interruptingtime(2)breakigtime接通电流makingcurrent接通时间（1）makingtime（2）closingtime操作时间,工作时间operatingtime起动时间startingtime 阻抗电压impedancevoltage负荷burden导体conductor半导体semiconductor绝缘体(1)insulator(2)insulatingmaterial电阻resistance电阻率(1)resistivity(2)specificresistance内阻internalresistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance磁感应magneticinduction电磁力electromagneticforce电磁感应electromagneticinduction电感inductance静电staticelectrcity静电力electrostaticforce静电感应eletrostaticinduction电容(1)capacitance(2)eletrostaticcapacity感应干扰electricalinterferenceeffect气体放电gaseousdischarge无照电流darkcurrent火花放电sparkdischarge电晕放电coronadischarge电弧放电arcdischarge辉光放电glowdischarge集肤效应skineffect电蚀electrohyticcorrosion电防护,阴极保护cathodicprotection触电electricshock漏电leak18.3电源和配电　电源powersource市电电源(1)commericalpower　(2)purchasedpower自备电源(1)generatedpower自备电源(1)generalpower　(2)inplantgeneraatedpower正常电源normalpowersupply备用电源stand-bypowersupply应急电源emergencypowersupply不停电电源uninterruptiblepowersupply发电powergeneration发电厂(1)powerstation　(2)powerplant受电站receivingstation变电所substation配电室switchroom配电所swichyard功率通量线路powerflow输电powertransmission输电线transmissionline输电系统transmissionsystem输电端sendingend输电电压transmissionvoltage输电端电压sendingendvoltage交叉换位transposition受电(1)powerreceiving(2)powerreception接收端receivingend受电电压recevingvoltage配电powerdistribution配电线distributionline干线(1)mainline(2)trunkline支线branchline电源线feeder 配电系统distributionsystem配电电压distributionvoltage模拟母线mimicbus母线(1)bus(2)busbar接地母线(1)groundingbus(2)earthingbus责任分界点responsibilitytransferpoint用电户electricpowerconsumer最大需用电力maximumdemand最大电负荷(1)_maximumload(2)maximumpower电消耗powerconsumption安装负荷installedload需用率demandfactor负荷率loadfactor盐腐saltcontamination停电(1)powerfailure(2)serviceinterruption接地故障(1)groundfault(2)earthfault断线breakingofwire短路short-circuit过载电流overcurrent过载电压overvoltage欠压undervoltage带电电线hot-line18.4电气设备　电气设备electricalequipment直流发电机d-cgenerator交流发电机(1)a-cgenerator(2)alternator同步发电机synchronousgenerator感应发电机inductiongenerator发电机generatorset发电机电动机generator-motor直流电机d-cmotor同步电动机synchronousmotor感应电动机inductionmotor鼠笼式感应电动机squirrel-cageinductionmotor绕线感应电动机wound-rotorinductionmotor交流整流式电动机a-ccommutatormotor转子rotor定子stator电枢armature整流子commutator磁场field励磁excitation励磁电流excitingcurrent励磁机exciter阻尼线圈(1)damperwinding(2)amortisseurwinding同步synchronism同步速度sychronousspeed牵入pull-in牵出pull-out同步化synchronization振动，猎振hunting起动starting起动电流startingcurrent起动时间startingtime起动器startor起动变阻箱startingrheostat起动补偿器(1)startingcompensator　(2)auto-transformerstarter直接启动direct-onlinestarting星三角起动(1)star-deltastarting(2)wye-deltastarting补偿器起动(1)compensatorstarting　(2)auto-transformerstarting 部分绕阻启动part-windingstarting电抗器启动reactorstarting短路环shadingcoil旋转方向directionofrotation满负载速度full-loadspeed变速电动机(1)variablespeedmotor　(2)adjustablespeedmotor速度调节装置speedcontrolequipment转距torque满负荷转距full-loadtorque转距速度曲线torque-speedcurve反向制动plugging发电制动dynamicbraking再生制动regenerativebraking微动inching短路系数short-circuitratio轴承电压shaftvoltage涡流crosscurrent回转磁场revolvingmagneticfield磁场中心magneticcenter轴向间隙endplay推力thrust轴承bearing机座号framenumber外壳enclosure变压器tranformer匝数比turnratio最大效率maximumefficiency极性polarity保油箱conservator接地屏蔽groundedshield抽头转换开关4454tapchanger滑线调压器slidevoltageregulator交流不停电电源装备（UPS）（1）uninterruptibiea-cpower　supplysystem　（2）non-breakinga-cpower　supplysystem电动发电机组motor-generatorset蓄电池（1）storayebattery　（2）accumulator铅蓄电池lead-acidbattery碱性蓄电池alkalinebattery放电率dischargerate放电终了电压finaldischargevoltage充电器batterycharger初充电initialcharger浮充电floatingcharge均匀充电equalizingcharge整流器rectifier静电电容器（1）powercapacitor　（2）staticcondenser电感式调压器inductionvoltageregulator自动调压器automaticvoltageregulator自动同步机selsyn配电板switchboard封闭式配电盘metal-enclosedswitchboard单元封闭式配电盘unitmetal-enclosedswitchboard开启式配电盘opentypeswitchboard密封配电盘cubicle铠装配电盘metalcladswitchboard负荷中心柜loadcentercubicle电力中心柜powercentercubilic 电动机控制中心柜（1）.controlcentercubicle　（2）.motorcontrolcenter拼式配电盘mosaicswitchboard照光配电盘lumintedswitchboard配电板panelsgroupedtoformaswitchboard盘后配线panel-backwiring配电板1.distrbutionboard　2.panelboard开关装置switchgear断路器circuitbreaker(CB)18.5控制＼运行　保持holding复位、重复reset设定setting释放release脱离drop-out励磁energized跳闸tripping中断、切断（1）interruption　（2）.interrupting　（3）breaking断路（1）disconnecting　（2）isolating继电器relay延时继电器timerelay控制开关controlswitch接点、触点contact指示灯pilotlamp试验端子testingterminal运行、操作、运转running,operating,working关闭closing自清理作用（1）self-cleaningeffect　（2）self-wipingeffect反跳（1）chattering　（2）bouncing潜动creeping浮动、漂浮floating熔合触点weldingofcontact烧毁（1）burning　（2）burn-out连续运行continuousduty短时间运行short-timeduty间歇运行intermittentduty周期运行、定期运行periodicduty操作系数operatingfactor连续运行定额continuousrating短时间运行定额short-timerating18.6接地　接地（1）grounding（美）　（2）earthing（英）静电接地保护groundingforstatic-electricityprotection避雷接地groundingforlightningprotection系统接地systemgrounding有效接地系统effectivelygroundedsystem连续接地inter-connectedgrounding接地母线groundingbus接地回路groundingcircuit接地阻抗（1）groundingresistance　（2）resistancetoground接地装置groundingdevice中性点接地装置neutralgroundingdevice接地导体（线）groundedconductor 避雷针（器）（1）lightningrod（美）　（2）lightningpreventer（英）架空地线overheadgroundwire雷(1)lightning　(2)thunder雷击lightningstroke18.7照明　照明（1）lighting　（2）illumination照明器具（1）lightingfixture　（2）luminaire　（3）lightingfitting光源luminoussource光通量luminousflux光强度luminousintensity照度（1）illuminance　（2）intensityofillumination辉度luminance光强度分布曲线（1）luminousintensitydistribution　curve　（2）lightdistributioncurve等照度曲线（1）isoluxcurve　（2）isophotocurve照度标准（1）standardlevelofillumination　（2）standardilluminationintensity照明利用率（1）coefficientofutilization　（2）utilizationfactor维修率maintenancefactor房号指示roomindex作业面workingplane发光率(1)luminaireefficiency　(2)lightoutputratiooffitting光照效率(1)efficiencyofluminoussource　(2)lumincusefficiencyoflamp复色性colorrenderingproperties荧光luminescence电加热electricheating电阻加热resistanceheating电弧加热archeating感应加热inductionheating电感加热dielectricheating红外线加热infraredradiationheating管线电伴热electricheatingofpipiline绝缘电线sheathedwire电炉electricfurnace18.8通讯　通信系统(1)intercommunicationsystem　(2)communicationsystem清淅度(1)articulation　(2)percentarticulation可懂度(1)intelligibilitypercent　(2)interlligility噪音、杂音noise听觉范围auditorysensationarea音强soundintensity音压soundpressure音压等级soundpressurelevel噪音等级（1）noiselevel　（2）soundlevel响度loudnesslevel输出声音功率soundpowerofsource功率等级powerlevel 增益gain信噪比signal-to-noiseratio周波特性frequencycharacterisitic方向特性directivitycharacteristic阻抗匹配impedancematching衰减器attenuator放大器amplifier电话（1）telephone　(2)telephony电话机telephoneset电话交换机（1）telephoneexchange　（2）telephoneexchanger内部交换机privatebranch-exchange(PBX)内部中转台attendantboard分散式中转系统subscriber-attendedPABXsystem电话中转器（1）telephonerepeater　（2）repeater局内线指示箱trunklineindicationbox夜间转送装置nighttransferset寻呼系统publicaddresssystem自动寻呼交换机automaticexchangewithpublic　addressingfunction传呼系统（1）pagingsystem　（2）pagingequipment听筒handset音箱、喇叭（1）speaker　（2）loudspeaker按钮式对讲机press-to-talk-conversation电话会议conferencetalk对讲机interphone计时系统clocksystem工业用电视industrialtelevision(ITV)监视器（1）monitortelevision　（2）picturemonitor无线通讯设备（1）radiocommunicationequipment　（2）wirelesscommunicationequipment固定台fixedstation移动台mobilestation天线antenna　aerial发射机transmitter接收机receiver收发机transmitter-receiver无线话筒wirelessmicrophone调制modulation解调demodulation选择性selectivity灵敏性sensitivity保真度fidelity18.9配线材料　电线（1）electricwire　（2）wire绝缘电线insulatedwire聚氯乙烯绝缘电线(1)polyvinyl-chlorideinsulatedwire　(2)thermoplastic-coveredwire户外用聚氯乙烯绝缘电线outdoorweather-proofpolyvinyl　chlorideinsulatedwire(OW-WIRE)架空滑触线trolleywire软导线cord导线载面积conductorcross-sectionarea 心线core电缆（1）cable　（2）electriccable电视摄像机televisioncamera护套sheath铠装armor橡皮绝缘线（1）cabtyrecable　（2）flexibletoughcable无机绝缘电缆mineralinsulatedcable组合槽电缆combinedductcable屏蔽电缆（1）shieldedcable　（2）screenedcable充油电缆oil-filledcable电缆头（1）cablehead　（2）cablepot-head电缆沟cabletrench电缆槽cabletrough电缆管cableduct电缆支架、托架（1）cablerack　（2）cabletray地下槽（1）floorduct　（2）underfloorduct电线管raceway悬缆线messengerwire导线管conduittube钢性金属电线管rigidsteelconduit铝电线管aluminumconduit硬聚氯乙烯电线管hardpolyvinyl-chlorideconduit柔性电线管flexibleconduit电线管附件(1)conduitfittings　(2)condulets接线箱junctionbox穿线盒pullbox地盒(电线）floorbox插座盒outletbox插座（孔）（1）receptacle　（2）socketoutlet压线板crimpterminal夹紧端子compressionterminal铜管端子copperpipeterminal夹紧接线端子clampterminal夹板cleat绝缘胶带adhesivetape自粘胶带self-bondingtape紧固线（1）bindingwire　（2）tiewire绝缘膏compound绝缘子insulator18.1电气施工　配线wiring暗配线concealedwiring明配线（1）exposedwiring　（2）openwiring电缆配线cablelaying地下线路undergroundline地上线路on-groundline架高线路pipestandline架空线路overheadline接头(1)connection　(2)joint端头处理(1)termination　(2)cableendtreatment铝热焊thermitwelding母线槽配线工作busductwiringwork 绝缘子架线工作insulator-supportedwiringwork18.1测定,试验　接地电阻试验groundingresistancetest　earthresistancetest绝缘电阻试验insulationresistancetest绝缘耐压试验（1）dielectricstrengthtest　（2）high-voltagewithstandtest极性测试polaritycheckingtest绝缘油试验insulationoilcheckingtest温度上升实验temperaturerisetest继电器实验relaycheckingtest机构动作实验mechanismoperatingtest动作顺序试验（1）sequencetest　（2）verificationofoperationalfunction旋转方向测试checkofdirectionofrotation无负荷实验no-loadtest负荷实验actualloadingtest导通实验continuitytest导电实验energizingtest点灯实验lightingon-offtest精度等级accuracyclass精度precision双功率表法two-wattmetermethod电压等级fall-of-potentialmethod仪用变压器instrumenttransformer分流器shunt增倍器multiplier电流互感器currenttransformer(ct)零序电流互感器zero-phasesequencecurrent　transformer(ZCT)电压互感器(1)potenticaltransformer　(2)voltagetransformer探测线圈searchcoil动圈式仪表movingcoiltypemeter电力测功仪electrodynamometertypemeter广角式测量仪wideangletypemeter扩展刻度表extendedseale电流表ammeter电压表voltmeter电子电压表electronicvoltmeter功率表wattmeter电度表(1)watt-hourmeter　(2)integratingpowermeter最大需用量表maximumdemandmeter功率因素表power-factormeter频率表frequencymeter磁通量表fluxmeter电流计galvanometer电位差计potentionmeter单臂(惠斯登)电桥wheatstonebridge双电桥doublebridge交流电桥a-cbridge接地电阻计(1)grounding-resistancemeter　(2)earthing-resistancemeter兆欧表(1)insulationresistancemeter　(2)megger耐电压实验器withstandvoltagetester绝缘油耐压实验器withstandvoltagetesterforinsulation　oil介质损耗仪dielectriclosstangentmeter继电器实验仪relaytester电路测试仪(1)circuittester　(2)tester 电路电流计linecurrenttester相序指示器phaserotationindicator周陡计数器cyclecounter频闪仪stroboscope测速器tachometer照度计illuminationmeter十九仪表　19.1图面　仪表盘布置图instrumentarrangementonpanel模拟盘尺寸图flowplanforgraphicpanel仪表供电及接地系统图instrumentpowersupply&grounding　diagram联锁系统图interlockblockdiagram仪表回路图instrumentloopdiagram仪表导压管联结图instrumentpressurepipinghook-up仪表蒸气伴热联结图instrumentsteamtracinghook-up分析仪器管联结图analyzerpipinghook-up控制室内仪表盘布置图layoutofinstrumentpanelincontrol　room控制室内管线布置图layoutofinstrumentwiring&piping　incontrolroom仪表主电缆桥架布置图layoutofinstrumentmaincableduct仪表主电缆敷设图layoutofinstrumentmaincable仪表接线图layoutofinstrumentwiring仪表空气配管图(信号)layoutofinstrumentairpiping-signalair仪表空气配管图(空气)layoutofinstrumentairpiping-supplyair仪表公用工程管线图layoutofutilitypipingforinstrument仪表接地布置图groundinglayoutforinstrument现场仪表布置图plotplanoffieldinstrument仪表配管配线区域划分图keyplanforinstrumentlayoutdrawing仪表安装图typicaldrawingforinstrumentation　fieldwork预制件制作图typicaldrawingforinstrumentation　fabrication仪表管线连接端子图instrumentwiring&tubingconnectionlist控制室内管线连接端子表instrumentwiring&tubingconnectionlist　incontrolroom仪表施工材料表materiallistforinstrument19.2仪表控制　模拟信号analogsignal数字信号digitalsignal反馈控制feedbackcontrol前馈控制feedforwordcontrol串级控制cascadecontrol超驰控制overridecontrol分配控制bathcontrol顺序控制sequencecontrol比例控制proportionalcontrolaction积分控制integralcontrolaction微分控制derivativecontrolaction两位式控制on-offcontrolaction正作用directaction 反作用reverseaction报警装置annunciatior联锁系统interlocksystem计数器datalogger巡回检测器scanner演算器computingelement力平衡forcebalance位移平衡motionbalance变送器transmitter仪表保温伴热一缆表heatingschedule仪表设备一缆表instrumentschedule19.3测试仪器　热电偶thermocuple热电阻resistancethermometerbulb温度计保护管thermowell双金属温度计bimetallictypedialthermometer冷端(1)referencejunction　(2)coldjunction熔断burn-out补偿导线extensionwire孔板orifice园心孔板concentricorifice偏心孔板eccentricorifice圆块孔板segmentalorifice文丘里管venturitube流量喷嘴blownozzle取压方式orificetaps法兰取压flangetaps1D，1/2D取压1Dand1/2Dtaps角接取压cornertaps毕托管pitottube面积式流量计variableareaflowmeter容积式流量计positivedisplacementflowmeter透平流量计turbinemeter电磁流量计magneticflowmeter压力开关pressureswitch差压变送器differentialpressuretransmitter压力计manometer玻璃管液位计tubulartypegageglass反射式玻璃板液位计reflextypegageglass透光式液位计through-visiontypegageglass浮子式液位计displacer19.4控制阀和安全阀　saunders阀门saundersvalve自力式阀门self-actingcontrolvalve阀门定位器valvepositioner分程splitrange故障保持failurelock阀门流量特性曲线flowcharacteristicofvalve幅度变化范围rangeabilityCV值CVvalue阀门驱动器valveactuator安全阀safetyvalve微启式lowlift全启式highlift直通式fullborevalve弛放阀reliefvalve设定压力setpressure累积压力accumulation超压overpressure19.5其它　全模拟盘full-graphicpanel半模拟盘semi-graphicpanel操作柜consolepanel 仪表盘安装形式flushmount工业用气象色谱仪processgaschromatograph红外线分析仪infraredanalyzer热导分析仪thermalconductivityanalyzer采样系统samplingsystem微型阀门miniaturevalve空气过滤减压器airfilterregulator三阀组3-valvemanifold隔离罐sealpot冷凝罐condensatepot排放罐drainpot虹吸管(1)siphonpipe　(2)siphontube脉动阻尼器pulsationdampener接线箱junctionbox隔板bulkhead支座管pipestanchion底座channelbase分析计量analyzershed升压继电器boosterrelay记录仪trendrecorder辅助继电器pilotrelay　　二十土建　20.1图面、计算、规定　工程图engineeringdrawing工厂制造图shopdrawing施工图workingdrawing大样图full-sizedrawing最终图，竣工图as-builtdrawing平面布置图plan立面布置图framingelevation剖面详图sectiondetail配筋图bararrangementdrawing长期荷载(1)permanentload(2)long-timeload(3)long-termload(4)sustainedload短期荷载(1)temporaryload(2)short-timeload(3)short-termload静荷载，恒载deadload活荷载(1)liveload(2)superimposedload动力荷载dynamicload风荷载windload雪荷载snowload地震荷载(1)seismicload(2)earthquakeload土压力earthpressure轴向荷载axleload轮压wheelload允许压力allowableunitstress28天强度four-weekagestrength地基承载力，地耐力bearingcapacityofsoil桩承载力bearingcapacityofpile建筑面积buildingarea楼层面积floorarea建筑总面积totalfloorarea檐高eavesheight确认申请applicationforconfirmation一层(1)lstfloor(2)groundfloor二层(1)2ndfloor (2)1stfloor地下室basement雨蓬penthouse静力荷载staticload20.2　　调查　室外气温(1)outdoortemperature(2)ambienttemperature联合基础combinedfooting结构构件structuremember构造用木材fixturelumber柱(1)column(2)post(3)pillar(4)stud(5)strut主梁，大梁girder次梁，小梁，单梁(1)joist(2)beam支撑(1)brace(2)bracing隅撑，角撑(1)angletie(2)anglebrace檩条purlin钉板furringstrip窗下墙wainscot楼板夹层(1)raisedflooringsystem(2)accessflooringsystem楣(1)lintel(2)lintol女儿墙parapet勒脚，踢脚板（线）(1)plinth(2)skirting(3)baseboard隔墙partitionwall防火门firedoor天窗skylight通风顶，采光顶monitorroof水落管(1)rainleader(2)conductor(3)downspout檐沟eavesgutter天沟(1)valleyflashing(2)valleyfitting门窗连接件(1)joinery(2)buildingfitting百叶窗louver现浇混凝土(1)cast-in-placeconcrete(2)cast-in-siteconcrete(3)cast-in-situconcrete预制混凝土（构件）precastconcrete运输中搅拌混凝土ready-mixedconcrete加气混凝土air-entrainedconcrete化学添加剂(1)chemicaladmixture(2)chemicaladditive早强硅酸盐水泥high-early-strengthportlandcement圆形钢筋roundbar异型钢筋deformedbar焊接钢丝（筋）网(1)weldedwiremesh(2)weldedwirefabric风速windvelocity主导风向mostfrequentwinddirection降雨量(1)amountofrainfall(2)rainfalldepth 降雨强度rainfallintensity积雪强度amountofdepositedsnow冻结深度(1)dephtoffrostpenetration(2)freezingdepth地震系数(1)seismiccoefficient　(2)seismicfactor地形测量，勘察topographicalsurvey水准点benchmark三角点(1)triangulationstation(2)stationoftriangulation基准面(1)datumplane(2)datumreference土质调查，土质勘察(1)soilexploration(2)soilinvestigation钻井柱状图(1)columnarsection(2)boringlog地下水位ground-waterlever标准贯入试验standarsdpenetrationtest荷兰式贯入试验dutchconepenetrationtest平板载荷试验plateloadingtest软弱地基poorsubsoil岩石地基baserock粘性土cohesivesoil砂土sandysoil黄土loam第三纪层tertiarydeposit第四纪层quarternarydeposit洪积土层diluvialdeposit冲积土层allurialdeposit火成岩igneousrock水成岩，沉积岩sedimentaryrock变质岩，变成岩metamorphicrock淤泥silt20.3　　建筑设计　钢筋混凝土结构reinforcedconcreteconstruction钢结构steelframedconstruction钢骨混凝土结构steel-framedreinforcedconstruction木结构(1)timberconstruction(2)woodenconstruction刚架rigidframe独立基础(1)individualfooting(2)independentfooting(3)isolatedfooting(4)singlefooting条形基础，连续基础continuousfooting浮筏基础(1)matfooting(2)raftfooting耐酸材料acid-proofingmaterial钢化玻璃temperedglass铅丝玻璃wireglass石棉水泥板asbestoscementboard吸音板acousticalboard塑料瓷砖vinyltile水磨石terrazzo镀锌铁皮galvanizedironsheet篦子板grating型钢rolledsteelsection(shapes)防火层fireproofing台面tabletop管廊(1)piperack(2)pipebridge(3)pipebanksupport20.4　　 土木设计　地基处理soilimprovement地基沉降consolidation不均匀沉降(1)unevensettement(2)differentialsettement挡土墙retainingwall铺砌pavement柔性铺砌flexiblepavement刚性铺砌rigidpavement路宽(1)widthofcarriageway(2)roadwaywidth路肩shculder侧沟gutter缘石(1)kerb(2)curb旁轨,岔线railwaysiding车输编组站(1)switchyard(2)mashallingyard车输装裁界限(1)carclearance(2)cargauge建筑红线(1)constructiongauge(2)trackclearance轨距(1)gage(2)gauge枕木(1)tie(2)sleeper分道岔，转辙器(1)turnout(2)switchandfrog岔口，道口，平面交叉(1)grade-crossing(2)road-crossing潮位tidelevel相对基准线comparativedatumline护岸设施counter-facility防波堤breakwater埠头jetty停泊设施(1)mooringfacility(2)wharves码头terminalfacilities锚位，停泊地berth泊岸mooringwharf（码头）栈桥landingpierquaywall系缆桩dolphin护舷材，碰垫fender清淤，挖泥dredging埋填reclamation流量系统(1)coefficientofdischarge(2)ratioofrun-off明渠(1)openchannel(2)openculvert暗沟，涵洞(1)culvert(2)closedconduit集水面catchbasin集水坑sumpbox虹吸池siphonculvert堰坝weir20.5　　建筑设备设计　空调（空气调节）airconditioning集中空调设施centralairconditioningfacility单体空调设施unitairconditionfacility包式空调器packagedairconditioner风管系统fancoilunit加湿器humidifier 最佳温度optimumtemperature室内温度设计值indoordesigntemperatureandhumidity冷却负荷coolingload采暖负荷heatingload温度曲线图psychrometricchart风暖，热风采暖warmairheating水暖，热水采暖hotwaterheating气暖，蒸汽采暖steamheating气流调节器damper扩散管anemostat进气口freshairinlet送气口airdiffuser排气口(1)airoutlet(2)exhaust循环空气returnair通风ventilation自然通风naturalventilation机械通风mechanicalventilation局部排气localexhaustventilation换气频率numberofairchanges供水设备watersupplyfacility热水提供设备hotwatersupplyfacility室内排水housedrainage卫生设备sanitaryfixture污水管septicwaterpipe缸瓦管vitrifiedclaypipe清扫口cleanout曝气aeration净化槽septictank通气管ventpipe20.6　　工程　临时设施temporarywork标高及布置levelingandlayout脚手架scaffolding打桩(1)pilingwork(2)piledrivingwork碎石brokenstone排水工程(1)drainwork(2)dewatering土方工程earthwork开挖(1)excavation(2)digging回填（土）backfilling填土(1)banking(2)filling强夯soilcompacting场地平整grading采土场地(1)borrowarea(2)borrowpit支模，拆模formwork模板(1)form(2)shuttering撑（脚手架）(1)timbering(2)supporting护角chamfer滑模slidingform混凝土施工concretework找平混凝土标志levelingconcret骨料aggregate细骨料fineaggregate粗骨料coarseaggregate采石场quarry 钢筋施工reinforcementwork钢结构施工steelwork工厂制造shopwork安装，装配erectionofframing安装螺栓fittingbolt砖石施工，砌砖工程masonrywork半砖砌筑transversebond一砖砌筑longitudinalbond防水施工waterproofingwork磁砖贴面施工tilework木工作业(1)carpentry(2)carpenter,swork五金施工metalwork预埋件(1)insertplate(2)embeddedplate膨胀螺栓hole-in-anchor抹面plasterwork门窗安装joiner,swork铺石板工作slatework油漆施工，喷漆paintingwork表面处理surfacepreparationwork内装修工程interiorfinishwork建筑设备施工buildingequipmentwork卫生管道施工plumbing二一　　21.1施工　一般工程　安装工程installation组装施工modularconstruction　scrap　surplusmaterial现场组装，装配fieldfabrication预制prefabrication组装施工assemblingwork21.2　　土木机械　塔吊towercrane打桩机piledrive铲动机scraper抓斗式挖土机clamshell拉索挖土机dragline挖掘机powershover挖土机backhoe推土机bulldozer铲土机shovelloader平路机，压路机motorgrader挖泥船dredger轮胎式压路机tireroller三轮压路机macadamroller两轮压路机tandemroller振动式压路机，夯vibratingroller压实机，夯具(1)vibro-soilcompactor(2)soil-compactor蛤蟆夯rammer沥青喷洒asphaltsprayer制造沥青装置asphaltplant制造混凝土装置concreteplant混凝土搅拌机concretemixer混凝土搅拌车(1)truckmixer(2)concretmixingcar混凝土泵concretepump振捣器，振动器vibrator21.3　　起吊，搬运　 抱杆ginpole门式抱杆，门式塔架gatetypeginpole顶梁topbeam拉索锚碇guywireanchor拉索，幌绳guywire吊索，起重绳hoistingwire牵索夹wireclips钩环，吊环shackles吊索slingwire滑轮组pulleyblock绞盘winch汽车吊truckcrane履带式起重机crawlercrane铲车，叉车forklifttruck浮船吊floatingcrane倒链chainblock千斤顶jack滑块skid枕木sleeper卷轴.滚筒.辊子roller移动式输送机portableconveyor21.4　　试验.检查工具　水压试验泵hydrostatictestpump管道镜.光学孔径仪borescope测压器voltagedetector拉伸仪tensiongauge振动计.示振仪vibroscope噪音计soundlevelmeter表面温度计surfacethermometer光学高温计opticalpyrometer指示器indicator压力表试验机pressuregaugetester风速(力)表.气流计anemometer硬度试验机hardnesstester火化试验标准片standardpieceforsparktest21.5　　通用工程器材　螺栓bolt螺母nut垫圈.垫片washer弹簧垫圈springwasher机器螺丝(钉)machinescrew木螺丝woodscrew膨胀螺栓expansionbolt预埋板insertplate地脚螺栓anchorbolt顶丝jackbolt模板template型钢(1)shapesteel(2)sectionsteel钢板steelplate钢筋.元钢roundsteel带钢(1)bandsteel(2)hoopiron扁钢(1)flatbar(2)flatsteel钢管steelpipe管件fitting21.6　　作业机械　车床lathe落地车床facelathe转塔式六角车床turretlathe 自动车床automaticlathe螺纹加工车床(1)threadcuttinglathe(2)screwcuttinglathe立式车床verticallathe钻床drillingmachine摇（旋）臂钻radialdrillingmachine镗床boringmachine铣床millingmachine立式铣床vertialmillingmachine刨床(1)planer(2)planingmachine成型机.牛头刨床(1)shaper(2)shapingmachine立刨床.插床(1)slotter(2)slottingmachine磨床grindingmachine研磨机lappingmachine镗磨床honingmachine超精加工机床(1)superfinishingmachine(2)superfinisher抛光机(1)buffingmachine(2)polishingmachine插齿机gearcuttingmachine齿轮研磨机(1)geargrinder(2)geargrindingmachine齿轮抛光机gearfinishmachine剥孔机.拉床broachingmachine21.7　　木工机械　带锯bandsawmachine圆盘锯circularsawingmachine刨锯planingandmouldingmachine木工钻wooddrillingmachine制榫机hollowchiselmortiser21.8　　制罐.扳金机械　机械夹具mechanicalpress曲柄夹具crankpress非曲柄夹具cranklesspress折向点夹具knucklejointpress摩擦螺丝夹具frictionscrewpress压弯成形机(1)pressbrake(2)bendingbrake弯板机bendingrollmachine锯sawingmachine剪切机shearingmachine21.9　　各种工程用工具　发电机enginegenerator移动式空气压缩机portableaircompressor潜水泵submergedpump砂轮切断机(1)abrasivecut-offmachine(2)frictionsawingmachine坡口机pipe-endfacingmachine电焊机weldingmachine涨管机tubeexpander钢筋切断机steelbarcutter钢筋弯曲机steelbarbender弯管机pipebender攻丝工具screwcuttingtool切管机pipecutter清管器pig膨胀螺栓hole-in-anchor电缆切断器cablecutter 电缆弯曲器cablebender电缆卷轴架cablejack电缆卷盘cableroller电缆牵引线fishwire终端卷边器terminalcrimpingtool终端压缩器terminalcompressingtool电缆剥皮机cablestripper刀具metaltool开口机lockseamopener封口机lockseamer镘刀.泥铲trowel灰耙.锄mixinghoe油脂注射器greasegun检查用灯inspectionlight电动便携剪切机electrichandshear轻便电钻portableelectricdrill风钻(1)airdrill(2)pneumaticdrill砂轮grinder钢锯.弓锯hacksaw老虎钳vise夹钳.模dies丝锥handtaps活动扳手adjustabletapswrench绞刀.扩孔锥reamer锉.锉刀file凿子.钢钎chisel冲子punch扳手，扳钳wrench刮刀.削刀scraper管钳pipewrench力矩扳手torquewrench扳手spanner齿轮拆卸器gearpuller钳子.花钳plier镊子.夹子.小钳子nipper刀具cutter改锥driver榔头.锤子hammer铁皮剪tinnersscissors21.1　　测量工具　千分尺micrometer刻度计dialguage块规blockguage缸径规cylindergauge极限规limitguage游标卡尺verniercaliper深度计depthgauge厚度计thicknessgauge圆角规radiusgauge螺距尺screwpitchgauge坡口仪groovegauge尺子rule测径规caliper直角尺square直尺.标尺straightedge水准仪level平板surfaceplate平面规surfacegaugev-形槽板v-block磁性台座magneticbass二二　　22.1检验　 检验及处理　检验inspection质量合格标准acceptancequalitylevel(AQL)检验及试验报告inspectionandtestrecord材料证明书materialmilltestcertificatematerialmilltestreport批量lot公差tolerance允差allowableerror误差error表差instrumenterror补正correction尺寸公差dimensionaltolerance圆度out-fo-roundness直线度straightness错边量alignmenttolerance中间检验(1)interiminspection(2)inspectionduringfabricationormanufacturing最终检验finalinspection再检验re-inspection预组装检验temporaryassemblyinspection抽样检验samplinginspection文件审查documentreview尺寸检验dimensioninspection外观检验(1)appearanceinspection(2)visualinspection性能试验performancetest加载试验loadtest空载试验no-loadtest闭合回路书looptest运转试验mechanicalrunningtestCV试验Cvtest设定压力试验setpressuretest回座试验blowdoentest22.2　　压力试验　压力试验presuretest水压试验hydrostatictest气压试验pneumatictest气密试验airtightnesstest泄漏试验leaktest卤气泄漏试验halogengasleaktest氦泄漏试验heliumleakagetest阀门打压试验seatleakagetest蒸汽试验steamtest盛水试验fullwatertest真空试验vacuumtest液体渗透检验liquidpenetrantexamination磁粉试验magneticparticleexamination无损检验non-destructiveexamination(NDT)超声波探伤检验ultrolsonicexamination(UT)涡流探伤eddycurrentexamination(ET)射线探伤检验radiographicexamination(RT)透度计penetrameter对比计contrastmeter针孔检验pinholemeter声波发射acousticemission(AE)　　22.3焊接.材料试验　焊接工艺评定试验weldingprocedurequalificationtest焊接性能评定试验weldingperformancequalificationtest可焊性试验weldabilitytest裂纹试验crackingtest 焊缝机械性能试验productionweldtest试样testspecimen堆焊金属试样depositedmetalspecimen表面弯曲试样facebendspecimen根部弯曲试样rootbendspecimen侧面弯曲试样sidebendspecimen拉伸试验tensiontest弹性极限elastictest屈服点yieldpoint抗拉强度tensilestrength屈服强度yieldstrength伸长率elongation断面收缩率reducationofarea弯曲试验bendtest成形弯曲试验guidebendtest自由弯曲试验freebendtest挠曲试验flexuretest冲击试验impacttest硬度试验hardnesstest蠕变试验creeptest蠕变强度creepstrength蠕变极限creeplimit蠕变断裂强度creeprupturestrength疲劳试验fatiguetest压扁试验flatteningtest压碎试验crushingtest倒换检验reversetest扩口试验flaringtest腐蚀试验corrosiontest钼检测molybdenumdetecting宏观组织检验macrostructuredetectingtest金相试验.微观检验microsopictest断口组织试验fractography硫磺检验sulphurprint　　二三焊接,切割　23.1焊接方式和种类　焊接welding熔融焊fusionwelding压力焊pressurewelding锻接焊forgewelding电阻焊electricresistancewelding(ERW)高频诱导焊接highfrequencyinductionwelding热剂焊接thermitwelding气焊gaswelding电焊arcwelding惰性气体保护焊inertgasshieldedarcwelding氩弧焊钨极惰性气体保护焊TIG(1)TIGwelding(2)inertgasshieldedtungstenarcwelding金属焊条惰性气体保护焊接（1）MIGwelding（2）inertgasshieldedmetalarcweldingCO2气体保护焊CO2gasshieldedarcwelding埋弧焊submergedarcwelding电渣焊electroslagwelding氢原子焊atomichydrogenwelding电子束焊electronbeemwelding爆炸焊explosivewelding钎接焊brazing锡焊soldering气割gascutting氧气电弧切割OXY-arccutting电弧切割arccutting刨削gouging 等离子流法plasmajetprocess焊条weldingrod填充金属fillermetal包剂焊条(1)coatedelectrode(2)coveredelectrod焊丝wireforwelding焊条钳electrodholder焊枪torch焊机weldingmachine焊剂flux保护气体shieldgas铝热焊thermitmixture　　23.2焊接设计　对接接头buttjoint坡口焊接grooveweld单面坡口singlegroove双面坡口doublegroove坡口角度grooveangle半坡角度bevelangle坡口深度groovedepth根面(1)rootface(2)land跟部间隙(1)rootgap(2)rootopening根圆半径rootradius盖板接头strappedlapjoint搭接接头lapjoint啮合接头joggledlapjoint端接接头edgejoint角接接头cornerjointT型接头teejoint十字接头cruciformjoint填角焊接filletweld角焊缝尺寸sizeoffilletweld腰高throat角高leglength扇形切口scallop塞焊plugwelding承插焊socketwelding焊缝weldline焊接轴线axisofweld焊接长度weldinglength焊接有效长度effectivelengthofweld焊缝根部rootofweld切口根部rootofjoint焊边toeofweld焊透深度penetration融合深度depthoffusion加强高reinforcement现场焊fieldweld密封焊,封闭焊sealwelding堆焊buidupwelding焊接符号symbolofweld垫板backing垫板焊backingweld垫底underlaying预堆边焊buttering定位焊tackwelding焊珠bead焊道(1)pass(2)run焊层layer多层焊multi-layerwelding 背面焊缝,底焊backrun引弧板endtab运条weaving前进焊forehandwelding反向焊backstepwelding分段多层焊blockwelding环焊boxing跳焊skipwelding电弧电压arcvoltage焊接电流weldingcurrent焊接速度weldingspeed焊接姿势weldingposition平焊flatposition横焊horizontalposition立焊verticalposition仰焊overheadposition磁性熄弧magneticblow飞溅spatter弧坑crater烧穿burn-through可焊性weldability边缘加工edgepreparation挑焊根chipping消除应力stressrelieving预热preheating后热postheating焊后热处理postweldheattreatment喷丸硬化peening焊接转动换位器positioner焊接区weldzone母材(1)basemetal(2)parentmetal焊接金属weldmetal堆焊金属depositedmetal热影响区heataffectedzone接合区bondzone烧化flash点核，熔核nugget焊接缺陷(1)welddefects(2)weldimperfection未焊透incompletepenetration未融合lackoffusion咬边undercut焊瘤overlap弧坑pit气泡blowhole夹渣slaginclusion白点，鱼眼fisheye弧坑crater　　二四材料及其损伤　24.1钢steel特殊钢specialsteel合金钢alloysteel低合金钢lowalloysteel高合金纲highalloysteel不锈钢stainlesssteel马氏体钢martensiticsteel奥氏体钢austeniticsteel耐热钢heat-resistingsteel高强度钢hightensilesteel高韧性钢toughandhardsteel表面渗碳钢casehardeningsteel铸刚casesteel 特殊铸钢specialcastiron铁iron铸铁castiron特殊铸铁specialcastiron合金铸铁alloycastiron高级铸铁highgradecastiron球墨铸铁spheroidalgraphiteiron可锻铸铁malleablecastiron铜copper青铜bronze特殊青铜specialbronze铝青铜aluminumbronze硅青铜siliconbronze磷青铜phosphorbronze黄铜brass铝黄铜aluminumbrass镀锡黄铜tinnedbrass白铜coppernickel镍铜合金nickelcopperallow蒙乃尔合金monelmeter铬镍铁合金inconel耐热铬镍铁合金incoloy20合金20.alloy钨铬钻合金stellite铬化硼系化合物colmonoy耐摩金属anti-frictionmetal轴承合金bearingmetal巴氏合金babbitmetal白色金属whitemeral油膜轴承合金kelmet钎料solder银钎料silversolder　　24.2表面处理　复合钢cladsteel镀层coating涂复层overlay镀面surfacing均质衬里homogenlining表面硬度hard-facing金属喷涂metallikon喷涂金属metallizing电镀plating渗入处理cementation磷酸盐被膜处理parkerizing阳极氧化处理anodizing勃母石处理boehmitetreatment钝化passivation扩散硬化diffusionhardening渗氮nitriding渗碳硬化casehardning　　24.3材料性质　强度strength延性ductility韧性toughness脆性(1)brittleness(2)shortness低温脆性lowtemperaturebrittleness冷脆coldshortness缺口脆性notchbrittleness热脆性(1)redshortness(2)redbrittleness回火脆性temperbrittleness 转变温度transitiontemperature蓝脆性(1)blueshortness(2)bluebrittleness加工硬化workhardning沉淀硬化precipitationhardening应变时效strainaging淬火时效quenchaging敏化sensitizention　　24.4金相及加工　石墨化处理graphitization变态transformation析出precipitation结晶crystallization恒温变态isothermaltransformation中间组织intermediatestrucure恒温变态曲线time-temperature-transformationdiagram连续冷却相变图constantcoolingtransformationdiagram再结晶recrestallization偏析segregation金属间化合物intermetalliccompound非金属夹杂物non-metallicinclusion钢锭ingot钢坯billet压铸件diecasting离心铸件centrifugalcasting冷硬铸件chillcasting塑性加工plasticworking冷加工coldworking热加工hotworking温加工warmworking锻造forging轧制rolling热轧hotrolling冷轧coldrolling拨制drawing挤压extruding　　24.5热处理　正火normalizing退火annealing扩散加热homogenizing完全退火fullannealing削除应力热处理stressreliefannealing低温退火lowtemperatureannealing球化处理spherodizing中间退火，低稳退火processannealing淬火quenching部分淬火differentialquenching回火tempering调质refining恒温热处理isothermalheattreatment低温处理sub-zerotreatment时效处理again人工硬化warmhardening固熔化处理solutionannealing　　24.6材料组织及缺陷　宏观组织macrostructure微观组织,显微组织microstructure树枝状组织dendriticstructure柱状组织columnarstructure针壮组织acicularstructure 层壮组织lamellarstructure条壮裂痕streakflaw折缝wrinkleseam轧裂(1)rollburst(2)forgeburst白点(1)whitespot(2)flake鱼眼fisheye幼影线ghostline裂纹crack淬裂quenchingcrack硫裂纹sulphurcrack细裂纹,发裂haircrack微裂纹(1)microcrack(2)microfissure纵向裂纹longitudinalcrack横向裂纹transversecrack延迟裂纹delayedcracking季裂seasoncracking软点softspot硬点hardspot分层lamination砂眼blister气孔blowhole针孔pinhole　　24.7腐蚀及其它材料损伤　腐蚀corrosion全面腐蚀generalcorrosion间隙腐蚀crevicecorrosion点蚀pitting电化学腐蚀galvaniccorrosion接触腐蚀contactcorrosion晶间腐蚀intergranularcorrosion摩擦腐蚀frettingcorrosion刀切磨蚀knifelineattack侵蚀erosion侵蚀腐蚀erosioncorrosion脱锌dezincification应力腐蚀裂纹stresscorrosioncracking碱蚀致脆causticembrittlement氢脆hydrogenembrittlement氢腐蚀hydrogenattack氢气泡hydrogenblistering环境应力裂纹environmentalstresscracking高温腐蚀hightemperaturecorrosion高温氧化hightemperatureoxidation硫化sulfidation硝化nitrification渗碳carburization钒腐蚀vanadiumattack露点腐蚀dewpointcorrosion　　24.8有机材料　塑料plastics合成树脂syntheticresin热塑性树脂thermo-plasticresin热固性树脂thermo-settingresin强化塑料reinforcedplastics合成橡胶syntheticrubber泡沫塑料foam天然橡胶naturalrubber合成橡胶syntheicrubber硅胶siliconresin 氟塑料(1)fluoroplastics(2)fluorocarbons聚氯乙烯树脂polyvinylchlorideresin聚乙烯树脂polyethleneresin聚脂树脂polyesterresin聚丙烯树脂polypropyleneresin尼龙nylon环氧树脂epoxyresin呋喃树脂furanresin聚偏二氯烯树脂polyvinylidenechlorideresin聚氨基甲酸酯树脂polyvinylideneresin丙烯酸树脂acrylicresin脲醛树脂urearesin三聚氰胺树脂melamineresin　　24.9无机材料　陶瓷ceramics陶器pottery瓷器porcelain陶瓷合金cermets抗渗碳imperviouscarbon玻璃glass石棉asbestos岩棉rockwool硅藻土diatomaceousearth蛭石vermiculite非金属材料non-metallicmaterials复合材料(1)compositematerial(2)composite黑色金属ferrousmetal有色金属non-ferrousmetal碳钢carbonsteel合金钢alloysteel　　二五分析　25.1分析一般　化学分析chemicalanalysis分析化学analyticalchemistry定性分析qualitativeanalysis定量分析quantitativeanalysis仪器分析instrumentalanalysis自动分析automaticanalysis简易分析abbreviatedanalysis快速分析rapidanalysis工业分析technicalanalysis测定measurement检测detection测定determination检定verification鉴定identification含量content痕量trace滴定titration分析曲线(1)analyticalcurve(2)calibrationcurve分析误差(1)analyticalerror(2)analysiserror精度precision复验性repeatability再现性reproducibility洗涤washing洗液washings洗瓶washingbottle静置standing 过滤filtration滤液filtrate沉淀剂precipitant透析dialysis蒸煮digestion浓缩concentration稀释dilution稀释剂diluent溶解dissolution盐析saltingout萃取extraction蒸馏distillation沸腾boiling加热heating加热减量(1)lossonheating(2)heatingloss加热干燥dryingbyheating恒重constantweight焚烧incineration破碎crushing编样samplereduction脱水剂dehydratingagent干燥剂(1)desiccatingagent(2)dryingagent(3)siccative冷冻剂freezingmixture试剂reagent标准试剂primarystandardsubstance指示剂indicator标准液(1)standard(2)standardsolution标定standardization当量浓度normality当量溶度normalsolution基准物质primarystandard　　25.2分析器具　天平balance液体比重计(1)hydrometer(2)areometer试管testtube烧杯beaker烧瓶flask（容）量瓶volumetericflask滴定管(1)buret(2)burette量筒measuringcylinder移液管(1)pipet(2)pipette吸耳球pipettor玻璃漏斗glassfunnel分液漏斗(1)separatingfunnel(2)separatoryfunnel烧结玻璃过滤坩锅(1)sinteredglassfiltercrucible(2)funnelwithfrittedglassfilter瓷漏斗(1)buchnerfunnel(2)nutshefunnel吸气器aspirator冷凝器condenser试剂瓶reagentbottle干燥剂desiccator洗气瓶(1)scrubbingbottle(2)gaswashingbottle气体量管gasburet 燃烧舟皿combustionboat研钵mortar蒸发皿evaporatingdish坩埚crucible坩埚钳crucibletongs浴器bath粘度计viscosimeter　　25.3气体分析　气体分析gasanalysis吸收法absorptionmethod燃烧法combustionmethod检知管法(1)detectortubemethod(2)indicatortubemethod　　25.4电气分析　电化学分析法electroanalysis电导分析法conductometry电导滴定法conductometrictitration电位差滴定potentionmtrictitrationPH玻璃电极glasselectrodePHmeter离子浓度计ionmeter电流滴定法amperometrictitration库仑滴定法coulometrictitration高频滴定法high-frequencytitration电解分析electrolyticanalysis极谱分析polarographicanalysis示波极谱法oscillographicpolarography导数(微分)极谱derivativepolarograph交流极谱法alternatingcurrentpolarograph矩形波极谱squarewavepolarograph　　25.5光度分析　光度分析photometricanalysis吸光光度分析absorptiometricanalysis光电光度计(1)photoelectricphotometer(2)photoelectriccolorimeter光电分光光度计photoelectricspectrophotometer光度滴定photometertitration红外分光分析infraredspectrochemicalanalysis红外气体分析计infraredgasanalysis喇曼分光分析Ramanspectrochemicalanalysis荧光分析fluorometeranalysis荧光计(1)fluorophotometer(2)fluorometer荧光分光光度计(1)fluorospectrophotometer(2)spectrophotofluorometer发射分光分析emissionspectrochemicalanalysis原子吸光（分光）分析atomicabsorption(spectrochemical)analysis火焰光谱法flamephotometry火焰光度计flamephotometer火焰分光光度计flamespectrophotometer化学发光分析chemiluminescenceanalysis浊度分析(1)nephelometricanalysis(2)nephelometrytyndallimetry光散射光度计light-scatteringphotometer浊度计turbidimetry旋光分析polarimetricanalysis旋光色散分析opticalrotarydispersionanalysis　　25.6分离分析　分离分析separationanalysis气相色谱(法)gaschromatography 气相色谱仪gaschromatograph检测器detector液相色谱法liquidchromatography液相色谱仪liquidchromatorgraphy柱色谱columnchromatography纸色谱paperchromatography薄层色谱thin-layerchromatography凝胶渗透色谱gelpermeationchromatography电泳分析electrophoresisanalysis　　25.7电磁分析　X射线荧光分析X-rayfluorescencespectrometricanalysisX射线衍射分析X-raydiffractometryX射线显微分析X-raymicroanalyzer质谱分析massspectrometricanalysis核磁共振nuclearmagneticresonance电子自旋共振electronspinresonance　　25.8热分析　热分析thermalanalysis差热分析differentialthermalanalysis差热分析仪differentialthermalanalyzer差焓分析differentialenthalpicanalysis差式扫描量热法differentialscanningcalorimeter热解重量分析法thermogravimetricanalysis热天平thermobalance　　25.9其它分析　放射化学分析radiochemicalanalysis放射化分析radioactivationanalysis放射滴定radiometrictitration放射吸收分析radiationabsorptionanalysis同位素稀释分析isotopedilutionanalysis同位素稀释法isotopedilutionmethodB射线反散射法B-raybackscatteringmethod总有机碳量totalorganiccarbon总氧要求量totaloxygendemand　　二六计算机机系统　26.1情报处理　自动化设计automateddesign计算机辅助设计computeraideddesign数据处理dataprocessing(dp)电子数据处理electronicdataprocessing远距离通信处理teleprocessing在线系统on-linesystem时间共享系统time-sharingsystem(TSS)数据输入系统dataentrysystem远距离作业输入remotejobentry计算机网络computernetwork主计算机hostcomputer智能终端intelligentterminal人机通信man-machinecommunication交互系统interactivesystem会话系统conversationalsystem模拟simulation命令语言commandlanguage图象处理imagetreatment硬件hardware关键字keyword双精度doubleprecision记录record域field文件file 数据集datasheet主文件masterfile文件管理filemanagement列colum溢出overflow　　26.2计算机语言　机器语言machinelanguage汇编语言assemblelanguage编译compilation源语言sourcelanguage问题指向语言problem-orientedlanguageCOBOLcommonbusiness-orientedlanguageFORTRANformulatranslatingsystemPL/1programminglanguage程序库progrmlibrary子程序subroutine文件终止符end-of-file异常终止码abnormalendcode后台处理backgroundprocessing前台处理foregroundprocessing在线实时处理on-linerealtimepreocessing数据库database数据库管理系统databasemanagemantsystem数据库管理员datasbaseadministrator数据独立dataindependence数据保密datasecurity主语言hostlanguage数据操作语言datamanipulationlanguage数据描述语言datdadescriptionlanguage终端用户语言enduserlanguage　　26.3计算机处理　口令password树结构treestructure网络结构networkstructure卡片读入机cardreader绘图机plotter行打印机lineprinterCRT显示装置cathode-raytubedisplayunit文学文字识别opticalcharacterrecognition字符显示characterdisplay大规模集成电路large-scaleintegratedcircuit芯片chip氧化铁半导体metaloxidesemiconductor总线bus自动扫描仪auto-scanner光标cursor数字化仪digitizer光笔lightpen单板机microcomputer只读存储器read-onlymemory随机存储器randomaccessmemory(ram)微处理器microprocessor微程序microprogram接口interface处理性能化throughput追历时间turnaroundtime响应时间reponsetime断点,检测点checkpoint检测debug转储dump硬拷备hardcopy要求request 登录logon故障安全系统fail-safe存取方式accessmethod顺序存取sequentialaccess随时存取randomaccess批处理batchprocessing多道处理multiprocessing多道程序处理multiprogromming位bit字节byte字符character字word实用程序utilityroutine算法algorithm框图blockdiagram流程图flowchart高效编程技术improvedprogrammingtechnologies操作系统operatingsystem作业job作业控制语言jobcontrollanguage编类程序catalogedprocedure编类数据集catalogeddataset连接编辑器linkageeditor装载摸块loadmodule目标摸块objectmodule区域region资源分配resourceallocation图解schema中央处理器centralproccessingunit(CPU）外围设备peripheralequipment终端设备terminalequipment操作台console输入输出设备input/outputunit通道channel主存储器mainmemory集成电路内存ICmemory磁盘存储器diskstorage磁带机magnetictapeunit卡片穿孔机cardpunch