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1、AncientChinaandItsEnemiesIthasbeenanarticleoffaithamonghistoriansofancientChinathatChineseculturerepresentedthehighestlevelofcivilizationinthegreaterAsiaregionfromthefirstmillenniumb.c.throughoutthepre-imperialperiod.ThisSinocentricimage–whichcontraststhehighcultureofShangandChouChina
2、withthelower,“barbarian”peopleslivingoffthegrasslandsalongthenorthernfrontier–isembeddedinearlyChinesehistoricalrecordsandhasbeenperpetuatedovertheyearsbyChineseandWesternhistorians.InthiscomprehensivehistoryofthenorthernfrontierofChinafrom900to100b.c.,NicolaDiCosmoinvestigatestheori
3、ginsofthissimplisticimage,andintheprocessshattersit.ThisbookpresentsafarmorecomplexpictureofearlyChinaanditsrelationswiththe“barbarians”totheNorth,documentinghowearlyChineseperceivedandinter-actedwithincreasinglyorganized,advanced,andpoliticallyunified(andthreatening)groupingsofpeople
4、justoutsidetheirdomain.DiCosmoexploresthegrowingten-sionsbetweenthesetwoworldsastheybecameprogressivelymorepolarized,withtheeventualcreationofthenomadic,Hsiung-nuempireinthenorthandChineseempireinthesouth.Thisbookispartofanewwaveofrevisionistscholarshipmadepossiblebyrecent,importanta
5、rchaeologicalfindingsinChina,Mongolia,andCentralAsiathatcannowbecomparedagainstthehistoricalrecord.Itisthefirststudyinvestigatingtheantag-onismbetweenearlyChinaanditsneighborsthatcombinesbothChinesehistoricaltextsandarchaeologicaldata.DiCosmoreconcilesnew,archaeologicalevidence–ofearly
6、non-ChinesetothenorthandwestofChinawholivedinstablecommunities,haddevelopedbronzetechnology,andusedwrittenlanguage–withthecommonnotionofundifferentiatedtribeslivingbeyondthepaleofChinesecivilization.Heana-lyzesthepatternsofinteractionalongChina’snorthernfrontiers(fromtrading,oftenona
7、nequalbasis,toEasternHun–ChinesewarfareduringtheCh’indynasty)andthenexploreshowtheserelationswererecorded(andwhy)inearlyChinesehistori-ography.DiCosmoscrutinizesthewayinwhichthegreatChinesehistorian,Ssu-maChi’enportrayedtheHsiung-nuempireinhis“RecordsoftheGrandHistorian”(99b.c.),thefi
8、rstwrittenna
