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1、1785FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALSbyImmanuelKanttranslatedbyThomasKingsmillAbbottPREFACEAncientGreekphilosophywasdividedintothreesciences:physics,ethics,andlogic.Thisdivisionisperfectlysuitabletothenatureofthething;andtheonlyimprovementthatcanbemadeinitistoaddtheprincipleo
2、nwhichitisbased,sothatwemaybothsatisfyourselvesofitscompleteness,andalsobeabletodeterminecorrectlythenecessarysubdivisions.Allrationalknowledgeiseithermaterialorformal:theformerconsiderssomeobject,thelatterisconcernedonlywiththeformoftheunderstandingandofthereasonitself,andwiththeuniver
3、sallawsofthoughtingeneralwithoutdistinctionofitsobjects.Formalphilosophyiscalledlogic.Materialphilosophy,however,hastodowithdeterminateobjectsandthelawstowhichtheyaresubject,isagaintwofold;fortheselawsareeitherlawsofnatureoroffreedom.Thescienceoftheformerisphysics,thatofthelatter,ethics
4、;theyarealsocallednaturalphilosophyandmoralphilosophyrespectively.Logiccannothaveanyempiricalpart;thatis,apartinwhichtheuniversalandnecessarylawsofthoughtshouldrestongroundstakenfromexperience;otherwiseitwouldnotbelogic,i.e.,acanonfortheunderstandingorthereason,validforallthought,andcap
5、ableofdemonstration.Naturalandmoralphilosophy,onthecontrary,caneachhavetheirempiricalpart,sincetheformerhastodeterminethelawsofnatureasanobjectofexperience;thelatterthelawsofthehumanwill,sofarasitisaffectedbynature:theformer,however,beinglawsaccordingtowhicheverythingdoeshappen;thelatte
6、r,lawsaccordingtowhicheverythingoughttohappen.Ethics,however,mustalsoconsidertheconditionsunderwhichwhatoughttohappenfrequentlydoesnot.Wemaycallallphilosophyempirical,sofarasitisbasedongroundsofexperience:ontheotherband,thatwhichdeliversitsdoctrinesfromaprioriprinciplesalonewemaycallpur
7、ephilosophy.Whenthelatterismerelyformalitislogic;ifitisrestrictedtodefiniteobjectsoftheunderstandingitismetaphysic.Inthiswaytherearisestheideaofatwofoldmetaphysic--ametaphysicofnatureandametaphysicofmorals.Physicswillthushaveanempiricalandalsoarationalpart.ItisthesamewithEthics
