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1、RecordsoftheGrandHistorian1RecordsoftheGrandHistorianRecordsoftheGrandHistorianFirstpageoftheShijiinmanuscript.TraditionalChinese史記SimplifiedChinese史记TheRecordsoftheGrandHistorian,alsoknowninEnglishbytheChinesenameShiji(simplifiedChinese:史记;traditionalChinese:史記;pinyin:Shǐjì),writtenfrom109BCto91
2、BC,wasthemagnumopusofSimaQian,inwhichherecountedChinesehistoryfromthetimeoftheYellowEmperoruntilhisowntime.(TheYellowEmperor,traditionallydatedaround2600BC,isthefirstrulerwhomSimaQianconsideredsufficientlyestablishedashistoricaltoappearintheRecords.)AsthefirstsystematicChinesehistoricaltext,theRe
3、cordsprofoundlyinfluencedChinesehistoriographyandprose.LayoutThe130volumes(i.e.scrolls,nowusuallycalled"chapters")ofthetextclassifyinformationintoseveralcategories:1.12volumesofBenji(本紀)or"ImperialBiographies",containthebiographiesofallprominentrulersfromtheYellowEmperortoQinShiHuangandthekingsof
4、Xia,Shang,andZhoudynasties.ThebiographiesoffouremperorsandoneempressdowageroftheWesternHanDynastybeforehisagearealsoincluded.Inaddition,thoughXiangYuneveractuallyruledallthecountry,hisbiographywascontainedinthisclass.2.10volumesofBiao(表)or"Tables",aretimelinesofevents.3.8volumesofShu(書)or"Treatis
5、es",treatofeconomicsandothertopicsofthetime.4.30volumesofShijia(世家)or"BiographiesoftheFeudalHousesandEminentPersons",containbiographiesofnotablerulers,nobilityandbureaucratsmostlyfromtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiods.5.70volumesofLiezhuan(列傳)or"BiographiesandCollectiveBiographies",contain
6、biographiesofimportantindividualfiguresincludingLaozi,Mozi,SunTzu,andJingKe.TheShijiissometimesbundledwithaprologuewrittenbySimaZhenduringtheTangDynasty,someeightcenturieslater.ItrecordsrulersthatexistedbeforetheYellowEmperorthatSimaQianomittedbecauseofthelackofreliablesources.RecordsoftheGrandHi
7、storian2StyleUnlikesubsequentofficialhistoricaltextsthatadoptedConfuciandoctrine,proclaimedthedivinerightsoftheemperors,anddegradedanyfailedclaimanttothethrone,SimaQian'smoreliberalandobjectiveprosehasbeenrenownedandfo
