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1、ManifestooftheCommunistPartyKarlMarxandFrederickEngelsManifestooftheCommunistPartyByKarlMarxandFredrickEngelsWritten:Late1847.FirstPublished:February1848.Source:Marx/EngelsSelectedWorks,VolumeOne,ProgressPublishers,Moscow,USSR,1969,pp.98-137.Translated:SamuelMo
2、oreincooperationwithFrederickEngels,1888.Transcription/Markup:ZodiacandBrianBasgenProofread:CheckedandcorrectedagainsttheEnglishEditionof1888,byAndyBlunden,2004.PublicDomain:Thisworkiscompletelyfree.Marx/EngelsInternetArchive(marxists.org)1991,2000,2004.Marxist
3、sInternetArchive(marxists.org)2005ManifestooftheCommunistPartyKarlMarxandFrederickEngelsAspectreishauntingEurope—thespectreofcommunism.AllthepowersofoldEuropehaveenteredintoaholyalliancetoexorcisethisspectre:PopeandTsar,MetternichandGuizot,FrenchRadicalsandGerm
4、anpolice-spies.Whereisthepartyinoppositionthathasnotbeendecriedascommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?Whereistheoppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofcommunism,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?Twothingsre
5、sultfromthisfact:I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanpowerstobeitselfapower.II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleoftheSpectreofCommunismwithamanifestoofthep
6、artyitself.Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondonandsketchedthefollowingmanifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanishlanguages.MarxistsInternetArchive(marxists.org)2005ManifestooftheCommunistPartyKarlMarxand
7、FrederickEngels1BourgeoisandProletarians2Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles.3Freemanandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedon
8、anuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.Intheearlierepoch
