ming_taizu's_problem_with_his_sons_-_prince_qin's_criminality_and_early-ming_politics

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1、taizu’sproblemwithhissonshok-lamchanMingTaizu’sProblemwithHisSons:PrinceQin’sCriminalityandEarly-MingPoliticshuShuangwasthesecondsonoftheMing-dynastyfounderZhuZYuanzhangڹցᑾ(1328–1398;templenameTaizuࣔల,orGrandProgenitor;r.1368–1398)byhisprimaryconsortempressMa್(1332–1382).Thefoundersiredtwenty

2、-sixsonsandsixteendaugh-terswithempressMaandanumberofconsorts,includingMongolianandKoreanwomen,andevenaconsortofhisdefeatednemesisChenYouliangຫᓪ(1320?–1363).(SeetheappendedtableofTaizu’soff-spring.)ShuangwasinvestedastheprinceofQinbytheemperorin1370,atfourteensui,whentheemperorrevivedthefeuda

3、listicinstitu-tionenfeoffingeachofhismaleoffspringtoaprincedomofsemi-autono-mouscivilandmilitaryauthorities.Ashegrewtomanhoodandassumedchargeofhisfief-state,theprinceofQinturnedouttobemorallyde-gradedandinept.Herepeatedlycommittedheinouscrimesagainstof-ficials,themilitary,andthecivilianpopula

4、ce.Thisessaydocumentsalitanyofindictmentsagainsttheprinceandtheemperor’sreactions.ItdrawsonTaizu’sedictsandordinancespreservedinthelittle-knownimperialcompendiumTaizuhuangdiqinluల઄০ཱུᙕ(PrivateRecordsoftheEmperorTaizu),andJifeiluધॺᙕ(RecordofWrongdoings),aregis-terofthecrimesandoffensescommitted

5、byimperialprinces.IanalyzetheimpactofthesenegativeactsontherevisionsofthelawsgoverningtheenfeoffmentsystemascontainedintheAncestralInjunctions,andtherepercussionsfeltupontheimperialsuccessionandrelatedcrisesconfrontingTaizuduringhisrule.AsummaryofthispaperwaspresentedtotheFrederickW.MoteMemor

6、ialConferenceheldatPrincetonUniversityonOctober7,2005.45hok-lamchanINTRODUCTIONTwenty-fourofthesonsandfourteenofthedaughtersgrewtoadulthoodandconstitutedthecoreoftheimperialclan.1ArosterisfoundintheimperialcompendiumTianhuangyudieⰐدᅎ(“JadeRecords”oftheHeavenlyRuler;ca.1402)compiledbyHanlinaca

7、demi-cianXieJinᇞᗿ(1369–1415),andinTaizu’sepitaph“DaMingXiao-lingshenwushengdebei”Օࣔݕສ壀ࣳᆣᐚᅾ(“EpitaphoftheDivineMartialPowerandSagelyVirtueoftheFilialMausoleumoftheGreatMing”;1413).Itisalsoincludedinlaterprivatehistories,suchasHuangMingtongxing