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1、AncientChinaandItsEnemiesIthasbeenanarticleoffaithamonghistoriansofancientChinathatChineseculturerepresentedthehighestlevelofcivilizationinthegreaterAsiaregionfromthefirstmillenniumb.c.throughoutthepre-imperialperiod.ThisSinocentricimage–whichcontraststhehighcultureofShangandChouChinawiththelower,
2、“barbarian”peopleslivingoffthegrasslandsalongthenorthernfrontier–isembeddedinearlyChinesehistoricalrecordsandhasbeenperpetuatedovertheyearsbyChineseandWesternhistorians.InthiscomprehensivehistoryofthenorthernfrontierofChinafrom900to100b.c.,NicolaDiCosmoinvestigatestheoriginsofthissimplisticimage,
3、andintheprocessshattersit.ThisbookpresentsafarmorecomplexpictureofearlyChinaanditsrelationswiththe“barbarians”totheNorth,documentinghowearlyChineseperceivedandinter-actedwithincreasinglyorganized,advanced,andpoliticallyunified(andthreatening)groupingsofpeoplejustoutsidetheirdomain.DiCosmoexplorest
4、hegrowingten-sionsbetweenthesetwoworldsastheybecameprogressivelymorepolarized,withtheeventualcreationofthenomadic,Hsiung-nuempireinthenorthandChineseempireinthesouth.Thisbookispartofanewwaveofrevisionistscholarshipmadepossiblebyrecent,importantarchaeologicalfindingsinChina,Mongolia,andCentralAsiat
5、hatcannowbecomparedagainstthehistoricalrecord.Itisthefirststudyinvestigatingtheantag-onismbetweenearlyChinaanditsneighborsthatcombinesbothChinesehistoricaltextsandarchaeologicaldata.DiCosmoreconcilesnew,archaeologicalevidence–ofearlynon-ChinesetothenorthandwestofChinawholivedinstablecommunities,ha
6、ddevelopedbronzetechnology,andusedwrittenlanguage–withthecommonnotionofundifferentiatedtribeslivingbeyondthepaleofChinesecivilization.Heana-lyzesthepatternsofinteractionalongChina’snorthernfrontiers(fromtrading,oftenonanequalbasis,toEasternHun–ChinesewarfareduringtheCh’indynasty)andthenexploresho
7、wtheserelationswererecorded(andwhy)inearlyChinesehistori-ography.DiCosmoscrutinizesthewayinwhichthegreatChinesehistorian,Ssu-maChi’enportrayedtheHsiung-nuempireinhis“RecordsoftheGrandHistorian”(99b.c.),thefirstwrittenna
