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1、AstroScientificCentreHistoryofEarlyChineseAstronomy-byAlbertLimhttp://www.astro.com.sg/articles/History_of_Early_Chinese_Astronomy.phpEarlyChineseastronomywasinfluencedtoalargeextendbyreligious,culturalaswellasthepoliticalviewsofthatprevailingtime.TotheChinese,theirearlyreligionw
2、assuchthatgodwasthemakeroftheworldandtheyrarelyspeakbeyondit.Thereligiousviewasearlyasaround2BCwasthattheEmperorofChinawasadevineappointmentandthathewasthe"sonofGod"andrulerof"allundertheheavens".Chinawasthoughttobeatthecentreofaflatandsquareearth(becauseofthe4cardinalpoints,N,S,
3、EandW)andthemiddleoftheChineseempireundertheemperor'srulecorrespondstotheNorthCelestialPolewhichissupposinglyalsolocatedatthecenterofasphericalheavenabove.TheconceptwasthattheChinesegod"Shang-ti"(meaning"upperearth"-strictly'ti'herecouldalsobetranslatedasgroundorlandbutit'useinth
4、isinstancerefersto'earth')wasincontroloftheheavens,whiletheEmperor,whowassupposingly"thesonofGod",rulesthecorrespondinglandundertheheaven.Theemperor'sruleandeventshappeningonEarthwasthoughttohaveadirectinfluenceontheofeventsinheaven.TheChineseinterpretedheavenlyconsequencesaschan
5、gesinthesky,sometimeswithsuddensightingsandappearancesofnewstars,cometsoreclipses.Theemperoristhoughttomaintainharmonyofbothheavenandearth-thisisbecauseheavenandeartharethoughtinsuchawaythatallinitincludingtheemperor,thepeople,theland,thegodandthecosmosareintimatelyconnectedlikea
6、singlelivingorganism.Chaosinonebringsaboutchaosintheother.Asanexample,itiswidelybelievedamongtheChinesethatifanemperorisunjustorhavegovernedbadlyandunwisely,theheavenswillbeaffectedbyhisbadbehaviouronearthandwillshowitbysuddenappearanceof'Khohxing'(GuestStar)orbyunpredictedchange
7、sinthesky.Ontheotherhand,"Whenawiseprinceoccupiesthethrone,themoonfollowstherightway"inaccordancetotheworkofShih-shenin4BC.Thus,thefateofmanwasnotsimplyruledbytheGods;goodorbadluckinaccordancetoChineseculturewasdeterminedbyvirtueandbyfollowingcorrectlythecommandsoftheheavens.Heav
8、enwasthusregardedasthehighestgodwiththeE
