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1、CliffsQuickReviewPhysicalGeologybyMarkJ.Crawford,MS.CliffsQuickReviewPhysicalGeologybyMarkJ.Crawford,MS.CliffsQuickReviewPhysicalGeologyTheCliffsNoteslogo,thenames"Cliffs,""CliffsNotes,"and"CliffsQuickReview,"andtheblackandyellowdiagonalstripecoverdesignareallreg
2、isteredtrademarksbelongingtoCliffsNotes,Inc.,andmaynotbeusedinwholeorinpartwithoutwrittenpermission.AcknowledgmentsManythankstoMicheleSpence,myhands-oneditoratCliffsNotes.Inadditiontoherexpertediting,Iappreciateherflexibility,patience,andalwaysdelicatelywordedque
3、ries.CoverphotographbyJohnStuart/TheImageBankFIRSTEDITIONCCopyright1998byCliffsNotes,Inc.AllRightsReservedPrintedinU.S.A.ISBN0-8220-5335-7Themysteriesoftheearthhavefascinatedthehumanraceforthousandsofyears.Itsrestlessnesshastransformedlandscapes,blackenedskies,an
4、dburiedcities.Ourwayoflifeisdependentonthegeologicresourcesthatwetakefrommines,quarries,andwells.Expandingourknowledgeofourplanet,andlearningthebestwaystouseitsresources,iscriticaltothewelfareofourever-expandingpopulation.Thedynamicsoftheeartharehardtoquantifybec
5、ausewhatcanbeseen,andphysicallytested,islimitedtotherocksonitssurfaceortakenfromdrillholesinthecrustaverysmallpartoftheplanet!Theinterpretationofwhattheserocksmeanhowtheyrelatetoeachotherandhowtheycomparetorocksseenformingtodayandtheuseofnewimagingtechniquesthatc
6、anexplorethesubsurfacegiveusourmodernviewofgeology.Morenowthaneverbeforeourknowledgeofgeology,geo-physics,andothersciencesisbeingdirectedtowardhealingtheenvi-ronmentaldamagethathasbeendonetotheearth'ssurfaceandgroundwater.Thefieldofhydrogeologyhasgrownimmenselyin
7、thepasttwentyyearsinresponsetoourneedforcleanwatersupplies.Hydrogeologistsexplorethecomplexitiesofgroundwater,howitbecomescontaminated,andhowtomakeitcleanagain.Today,asincenturiespast,theideasofacademicandprofes-sionalgeologistsaroundtheworldcontinuetochange.Tech
8、nologicimprovementsexpandthelimitsofwhatkindofresearchcanbedone.Forexample,theearlytheoriesofcontinentaldrifthavenowbeenproven,andmovementsofcontinentalplatesc
