资源描述：
《财税专业英语考试大题参考资料》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在工程资料-天天文库。
1、1（一）市场不完善:指市场不能有效率运转的情况（即不完全有效率市场）。价格无法反映公开的所有信息，并可能受垄断行为或政府控制的影响。Marketfailure:Whenamarketfailstooperateefficiently(inefficientmarket).Pricesdonotreflectallpubliclyavailableinformation,andmaybeinfluencedbymonopolisticpracticesorgovernmentregulations.（二）MarketfailureLastchapterconclu
2、dedthatmarketsfunctionwell,marketsbringaboutanefficientallocationofresourceswithoutanyneedforcoordinationthroughgovernmentintervention.Forthisconclusion,wemadeseveralassumptionsabouthowmarketswork.Whentheseassumptionsdonothold,ourconclusionthatthemarketequilibriumisefficientmaynolong
3、erbetrue.Inthischapter,letconsiderbrieflythreeofthemostimportantoftheseassumptions.First,ouranalysisassumedthatmarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Intheworld,however,competitionissometimesfarfromperfect.Insomemarkets,asinglebuyerorseller(orasmallgroupofthem)maybeabletocontrolmarketprices.
4、Thisabilitytoinfluencepricesiscalledmarketpower.Marketpowercancausemarketstobeinefficientbecauseitkeepsthepriceandquantityawayfromtheequilibriumofsupplyanddemand.Second,ouranalysisassumedthattheoutcomeinamarketmattersonlytothebuyersandsellersinthatmarket.Yet,intheworld,thedecisionsof
5、buyersandsellerssometimesaffectpeoplewhoarenotparticipantsinthemarketatall.Pollutionistheclassicexampleofamarketoutcomethataffectspeoplenotinthemarket.Suchsideeffects,calledexternalities,causewelfareinamarkettodependonmorethanjustthevaluetothebuyersandthecosttothesellers.Becausebuyer
6、sandsellersdonnottakethesesideeffectsintoaccountwhendecidinghowmuchtoconsumeandproduce,theequilibriuminamarketcanbeinefficientfromthestandpointofsocietyasawhole.Third,allmarketparticipantshavethesameinformationaboutthenatureofthegoodandthecircumstancesunderwhichitistraded.Yet,inthewo
7、rld,thereisasymmetricinformationbetweenbuyersandsellers.Ifoneormoreoftheseassumptionsdoesnothold,themarketsystemdoesnotgiverisetoanefficientoutcome(i.e.thefirsttheoremdoesnothold).Theseinefficientoutcomesarecalledmarketfailure.Theprincipaltypesofmarketfailurearediscussedbelow2财政联邦主义；
8、是指各级政府财政收入和支
