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1、92Berln62-09032KarlMarxi-1&I?->,.v;-Ifillr>j^5*^_K^i.if*DATEDUEDemco.Inc38-293Berlin,Isaiah.KarlMarx,hislifeandenvironment1949.KARLMARXHisLIFEANDENVIRONMENTISAIAHBERLINAGALAXYBOOKNEWYORKOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS1959FirstPublished,1939SecondEdition,1948FirstPublishedasaGalaxy
2、Book,1959SecondPrinting,1960PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaToMYPARENTSteLUH^iHPREFATORYNOTEMYthanksareduetomyfriendsandcolleagueswhohavebeengoodenoughtoreadthisbookinmanuscript,andhavecontributedvaluablesuggestions,bywhichIhavegreatlyprofited;inparticulartoMr.A.J.Ayer,Mr.IanBowen,Mr
3、.G.E.F.Chilver,Mr.S.N.S.RachmilewitchIamfurtherHampshireandMr.;greatlyindebtedtoMr.FrancisGraham-Harrisonforcompilingtheindex;toMrs.H.A.L.FisherandMr.DavidStephensforreadingtheproofs;toMessrs.Methuenforpermissiontomakeuseofthepassagequotedonpage180;and,mostofall,totheWardenandFellowso
4、fAllSoulsCollegeforpermittingmetodevoteapartofthetimeduringwhichIheldaFellowshipofthecollegetoasubjectoutsidethescopeofmyproperstudies.I.E.OXFORDMay1939CONTENTSIINTRODUCTIONIIICHILDHOODANDADOLESCENCE2$HITHEPHILOSOPHYOFTHESPIRIT35IVTHEYOUNGHEGELIANS61VPARIS8lVIHISTORICALMATERIALISM121v
5、ii1848145raiEXILEINLONDON:THEFIRSTPHASE166DCTHEINTERNATIONAL2o6X5222*THEREDTERRORISTDOCTORXILASTYEARS249BIBLIOGRAPHY269INDEX275CHAPTERIINTRODUCTIONThingsandactionsarewhattheyare,andtheirconsequenceswillbewhattheywillbe:whythenshouldweseektobedeceived?BISHOPBUTLERJNothinkerintheninetee
6、nthcenturyhashadsodirect,deliberateandpowerfulaninfluenceuponmankindasKarlMarx.Bothduringhislifetimeandafteritheexercisedanintellectualandmoralascendancyoverhisfollowers,thestrengthofwhichwasuniqueeveninthatgoldenageofdemocraticnationalism,anagewhichsawtheriseofgreatpopularheroesandma
7、rtyrs,romantic,almostlegendaryfigures,whoselivesandwordsdominatedtheimaginationofthemassesandcreatedanewrevolutionarytraditioninEurope.YetMarxcouldnot,atanytime,becalledapopularfigureintheordinarysense:certainlyhewasinnosenseapopularwriterororator.Hewroteextensively,buthisworkswerenot
8、,duri