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1、InequalityinChina:Obrother,whereartthou?经济学人CHINAhasenjoyed(andsuffered)morethanitsfairshareofsocialmobilityinrecentdecades.Between1981and2005,over 600mChinesemovedoutofpoverty,accordingtoShaohuaChenandMartinRavallionoftheWorldBank.SomeChineseofmodestmeansbecamefabulou
2、slyrich.Butnotallsocialmobilitywasupwards.From1949totheendofthe1960s,China'scommunistsuprootedlandlords,expropriatedcapitalists,andbanishedbourgeoisintellectualstothehinterlands.Throughcollectivisation,socialisationandrustication,theydismantledthetraditionalmechanisms(l
3、and,capital,schooling)bywhichthewell-to-dopassontheiradvantagestotheiroffspring.Someofthosemechanismsmaynowbebackinoperation,however.InequalityinChinahas,ofcourse,risensharplyinthepast30years.Afewscholarsarenowdocumentingitstransmissionfromonegenerationtothenext.Ina2010
4、 paper,forexample,YingqiangZhangofBeijingJiaotongUniversityandTorErikssonofAarhusUniversity,BusinessandSocialSciences,inDenmarklookedattheoffspringofthousandsofhouseholdsincludedinalongitudinalsurveyofnineprovincesfrom1989to2006.Theoffspringexperienceddivergingfortunes
5、overtheyears,roughlyinlinewithnationaltrends.Thisrisinginequalitymightnotbeworryingifitreflectedanincreasinglydynamic,meritocraticsociety,rewardinggreatereffortorability.Buttheauthorsestimatethat63%ofthisinequalityinoutcomeswasduetoinequalityofopportunity.Inequalityofop
6、portunityisnoteasytomeasure,oreventodefine.Economiststendtoworrywhensomepeoplearebarredfrommakingtheirfullcontributiontosociety,whileotherpeoplereapdisproportionaterewards,takingmorefromthenationalproductthantheyaddtoit.Thatisnotjustunfair;itisinefficient.Philosophersgo
7、further.Theyfeelpeopleshouldberewardedorpunishedonlyforthethingstheycanchoose,suchaseffort,andnotforcircumstancesoutsidetheircontrol.Thosecircumstancesincludeobviousinheritedprivileges,suchaswealthandsocialconnections.Butthedefinitioncanextendfurther,toincludemanythings
8、wenormallyassociatewithmerit,suchastalent.Wedonot,afterall,gettochooseourtalents,sowhyshouldweberewardedforthe
