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1、TheIndianOceanResourceandGovernanceChallengesEllenLaipsonAmitPandyaEditorsCopyright©2009TheHenryL.StimsonCenterISBN:978-0-9821935-3-2Coverphotos:Traditionalfishbreeding,Calcutta,WestBengal,India©2008PiyalAdhikary/epa/Corbis;Indonesiannavysoldiersarrests
2、uspectsduringanexerciseintheMalaccaStraits©2000BeawihartaReuters/CorbisCoverdesignbyFreeRangeStudiosBookdesign/layoutbyNitaCongressAllrightsreserved.NopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanswithoutpriorwrittenconsentfromTh
3、eHenryL.StimsonCenter.TheHenryL.StimsonCenter111119thStreet,NW,12thFloorWashington,DC20036Telephone:202.223.5956Fax:202.238.9604www.stimson.orgMaritimeIssuesinSouthAsiaGeethanganideSilvaMaritimeissuesinSouthAsiaarelinkedtothelittoralandhinterlandstatest
4、hatcom-prisetheregion.TheIndianOceanlittoralstates—Bangladesh,India,theMaldives,Pakistan,andSriLanka—andthehinterlandstates—Afghanistan,Bhutan,andNepal—allhaveaninterestintheIndianOceanforpolitical,security,economic,andmaritimeresourcereasons.ApartfromS
5、riLankaandtheMaldives,allSouthAsiancountriesshareaborderwithIndia,thelargestcountryintheregion.Asaresult,anymajordevelopmentinIndiahasrepercussionsintheadjacentcountries.BhutanandNepalhaveaccesstotheIndianOceanthroughIndia,whileAfghanistanhasaccessthrou
6、ghPakistan.GlobalandotherregionalpowersinteractwiththeSouthAsianregionbilaterallyandmul-tilaterallyinpartduetotheirstrategicandeconomicinterestsintheIndianOcean.Globalandpoliticalrealitieshavealsoinfluencedthestrategicimportanceoftheregion:theSovietinva
7、sionofAfghanistanandtheglobal“waronterror”following9/11.Marineresources,navigation,andenvironmentalchangescontributetotheinteresttakenintheIndianOceanbythegreatpowers,byregionalpowers,andbySouthAsiancountries.“TheGreatGame”Thereisalonghistoryofinvolveme
8、ntbyoutsideactorsinSouthAsia.Manyhaveestab-lishedandmaintainedapresencethereandintheIndianOceantoensuretheirstrategicinterests.InmoderntimesthekeyplayersincludetheUnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,theformerSovietUnion,andmorerecently,Ch
