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1、FreeWillFirstpublishedMonJan7,2002;substantiverevisionFriOct29,2010“FreeWill”isaphilosophicaltermofartforaparticularsortofcapacityofrationalagentstochooseacourseofactionfromamongvariousalternatives.Whichsortisthefreewillsortiswhatallthefussisabout.(Andwhatafussi
2、thasbeen:philosophershavedebatedthisquestionforovertwomillennia,andjustabouteverymajorphilosopherhashadsomethingtosayaboutit.)Mostphilosopherssupposethattheconceptoffreewillisverycloselyconnectedtotheconceptofmoralresponsibility.Actingwithfreewill,onsuchviews,is
3、justtosatisfythemetaphysicalrequirementonbeingresponsibleforone'saction.(Clearly,therewillalsobeepistemicconditionsonresponsibilityaswell,suchasbeingaware—orfailingthat,beingculpablyunaware—ofrelevantalternativestoone'sactionandofthealternatives'moralsignificanc
4、e.)Butthesignificanceoffreewillisnotexhaustedbyitsconnectiontomoralresponsibility.Freewillalsoappearstobeaconditionondesertforone'saccomplishments(whysustainedeffortandcreativeworkarepraiseworthy);ontheautonomyanddignityofpersons;andonthevalueweaccordtoloveandfr
5、iendship.(SeeKane1996,81ff.andClarke2003,Ch.1;butseealsoPereboom2001,Ch.7.)Philosopherswhodistinguishfreedomofactionandfreedomofwilldosobecauseoursuccessincarryingoutourendsdependsinpartonfactorswhollybeyondourcontrol.Furthermore,therearealwaysexternalconstraint
6、sontherangeofoptionswecanmeaningfullytrytoundertake.Asthepresenceorabsenceoftheseconditionsandconstraintsarenot(usually)ourresponsibility,itisplausiblethatthecentrallociofourresponsibilityareourchoices,or“willings.”Ihaveimpliedthatfreewillingsarebutasubsetofwill
7、ings,atleastasaconceptualmatter.Butnoteveryphilosopheracceptsthis.RenéDescartes,forexample,identifiesthefacultyofwillwithfreedomofchoice,“theabilitytodoornotdosomething”(MeditationIV),andevengoessofarastodeclarethat“thewillisbyitsnaturesofreethatitcanneverbecons
8、trained”(PassionsoftheSoul,I,art.41).Intakingthisstrongpolarpositiononthenatureofwill,DescartesisreflectingatraditionrunningthroughcertainlateScholastics(mostprominen
