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1、Ineedtomakeaconfessionattheoutsethere.Alittleover20yearsagoIdidsomethingthatIregret,somethingthatI'mnotparticularlyproudof,somethingthat,inmanyways,Iwishnoonewouldeverknow,buthereIfeelkindofobligedtoreveal.(Laughter)Inthelate1980s,inamomentofyouthfulindiscretion,Iwenttolawschool.(Laught
2、er)Now,inAmericalawisaprofessionaldegree.Yougetyouruniversitydegree.Thenyougoontolawschool.AndwhenIgottolawschool,Ididn'tdoverywell.Toputitmildly,Ididn'tdoverywell.I,infact,graduatedinthepartofmylawschoolclassthatmadethetop90percentpossible.(Laughter)Thankyou.Ineverpracticedlawadayinmyl
3、ife.Iprettymuchwasn'tallowedto.(Laughter)Buttoday,againstmybetterjudgement,againsttheadviceofmyownwife,Iwanttotrytodustoffsomeofthoselegalskills,what'sleftofthoselegalskills.Idon'twanttotellyouastory.Iwanttomakeacase.Iwanttomakeahard-headed,evidence-based,dareIsaylawyerlycase,forrethink
4、inghowwerunourbusinesses.So,ladiesandgentlemenofthejury,takealookatthis.Thisiscalledthecandleproblem.Someofyoumighthaveseenthisbefore.It'screatedin1945byapsychologistnamedKarlDuncker.KarlDunckercreatedthisexperimentthatisusedinawholevarietyofexperimentsinbehavioralscience.Andhere'showit
5、works.SupposeI'mtheexperimenter.Ibringyouintoaroom.Igiveyouacandle,somethumbtacksandsomematches.AndIsaytoyou,"Yourjobistoattachthecandletothewallsothewaxdoesn'tdripontothetable."Nowwhatwouldyoudo?Nowmanypeoplebegintryingtothumbtackthecandletothewall.Doesn'twork.Somebody,somepeople,andIs
6、awsomebodykindofmakethemotionoverhere.Somepeoplehaveagreatideawheretheylightthematch,meltthesideofthecandle,trytoadhereittothewall.It'sanawesomeidea.Doesn'twork.Andeventually,afterfiveor10minutes,Mostpeoplefigureoutthesolution,Whichyoucanseehere.Thekeytotoovercomewhat'scalledfunctionalf
7、ixedness.Youlookatthatboxandyouseeitonlyasareceptacleforthetacks.Butitcanalsohavethisotherfunction,asaplatformforthecandle.Thecandleproblem.NowIwanttotellyouaboutanexperimentusingthecandleproblem,donebyascientistnamedSamGlucksberg,whoisnowatPrincetonUniversityintheU.S.Thisshows
