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1、ManifestooftheCommunistPartyWritten:Late1847;FirstPublished:February1848;Source:Marx/EngelsSelectedWorks,Vol.One,ProgressPublishers,Moscow,1969,pp.98-137;Translated:SamuelMooreincooperationwithFrederickEngels,1888;Transcription/Markup（置标Textthatisaddedtothedataofadocumentinordertoconveyinformationa
2、boutit.为传递有关文件的信息而加入到文件数据中去的一些正文。）:Zodiac（黄道十二宫）andBrianBaggins;Proofed:andcorrectedagainst1888EnglishEditionbyAndyBlunden2004;Copyleft:Marx/EngelsInternetArchive(marxists.org)1987,2000.Permissionisgrantedtocopyand/ordistributethisdocumentunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicen
3、se.SeeNotein:MarxEngelsCollectedWorks.Contents PreambleI: BourgeoisandProletariansII:ProletariansandCommunistsIII:SocialistandCommunistLiteratureIV:PositionoftheCommunistsinRelationtotheVariousExistingOppositionParties36/36Appendix:PrefacestoVariousLanguageEditionsManifestooftheCommunistPartyAspec
4、treishauntingEurope—thespectreofcommunism.AllthepowersofoldEuropehaveenteredintoaholyalliancetoexorcisethisspectre:PopeandTsar,MetternichandGuizot,FrenchRadicalsandGermanpolice-spies.Whereisthepartyinoppositionthathasnotbeendecriedascommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?Whereistheoppositionthathasnothur
5、ledbackthebrandingreproachofcommunism,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?Twothingsresultfromthisfact:I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanpowerstobeitselfapower.II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews
6、,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleoftheSpectreofCommunismwithamanifestoofthepartyitself.Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondonandsketchedthefollowingmanifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,Flemish（佛兰德语）andDanishlanguages.ChapterI.Bourgeoisan
7、dProletarians(1)[GermanOriginal]Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsociety(2)isthehistoryofclassstruggles.36/36Freemanandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guild-master(3)andjourneyman,inaword,oppressorando
