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1、FromtheClosedWorldTOTHEINFINITE-UNIVERSEiALEXANDREKOYRE,Ph.D.,Litt.D.EcolePratiquedesHautesEtudes,Sorbonne,ParisBbSjj.KLP1TheJohnsIIopkinsPress/BALTIM0RE©1957byTheJohnsHopkinsPress;Baltimore18,Md.TheHideyoNoguchiLectureshipDistributedinGreatBritainbyTheOxfordUniversityPress,LoJ:l.don
2、PrintedinU.S.A.bytheJ.H.FurstCompany,BaltimoreIn1929thelateDr.EmanuelLibmanofNewYorkgaveLibraryofCongressCatalogCardNo.57-7080$10,000toTheJohnsHopkinsUniversityfortheestabli�hmentofalectureshipintheHistoryofMedicine.InaccordancewithDr.Libman'swishesitwasnamedTheHideyoNoguchiLecturesh
3、iptopaytributetothememoryofthedistinguishedJapanesescientist.ThepresentvolumeowesitsorigintotheeleventhlectureonthisfoundationwhichwasdeliveredonDecember15,1953,atTheJohnsHopkinsInstituteoftheHistoryofMedicinebyProfessorAlexandreKoyre."PrefaceTimeandagain,whenstudyingthehistoryofscie
4、ntificandphilosophicalthoughtinthesixteenthandtheseventeenthcenturies-theyare,indeed,socloselyinterrelatedandlinkedtogetherthat,separated,theybecomeununderstandable-Ihavebeenforcedtorecognize,asmanyothershavebeforeme,thatduringthisperiodhuman,oratleastEuropean,mindsunderwentadeeprevo
5、lutionwhichchangedtheveryframeworkandpatternsofourthinkingandofwhichmodernscienceandmodernphilosophyare,atthesametime,therootandthefruit.Thisrevolutionor,asithasbeencalled,thisHcrisisofEuropeanconsciousness,"hasbeendescribedandexplainedinmanydifferentways.Thus,whereasitisgenerallyadm
6、ittedthatthedevelopmentofthenewcosmology,whichreplacedthegeo-orevenanthropocentricworldofGreekandmedievalastronomybytheheliocentric,and,later,bythecenterlessuniverseofmodernastronomy,playedaparamountroleinthisprocess,somehistorians,interestedchieflyinthesocialimplicationsofspiritualc
7、hanges,havestressedtheallegedconversionofthehumanmindfromtheoriatopraxis,fromthescientiacontemplativatothescientiaactivaetoperativa,whichtransformedmanfromaspectatorintoanownerandmasterofnature;someothershavestressedthereplacementoftheteleologicalandorganismicpatternofthinkingandexpl
8、anationbythe
