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1、ThePrinciplesofScientificManagement(1911)byFrederickWinslowTaylor,M.E.,Sc.D. IntroductionChapterI:FundamentalsofScientificManagementChapterII:ThePrinciplesofScientificManagement INTRODUCTIONPresidentRoosevelt,inhisaddresstotheGovernorsattheWhiteHouse,propheticallyremarkedthat"Theconservationofourn
2、ationalresourcesisonlypreliminarytothelargerquestionofnationalefficiency."Thewholecountryatoncerecognizedtheimportanceofconservingourmaterialresourcesandalargemovementhasbeenstartedwhichwillbeeffectiveinaccomplishingthisobject.173Asyet,however,wehavebutvaguelyappreciatedtheimportanceof"thelargerqu
3、estionofincreasingournationalefficiency."Wecanseeourforestsvanishing,ourwater-powersgoingtowaste,oursoilbeingcarriedbyfloodsintothesea;andtheendofourcoalandourironisinsight.Butourlargerwastesofhumaneffort,whichgooneverydaythroughsuchofouractsasareblundering,ill-directed,orinefficient,andwhichMrRoo
4、seveltreferstoasalackof"nationalefficiency,"arelessvisible,lesstangible,andarebutvaguelyappreciated.Wecanseeandfeelthewasteofmaterialthings.Awkward,inefficient,orill-directedmovementsofmen,however,leavenothingvisibleortangiblebehindthem.Theirappreciationcallsforanactofmemory,aneffortoftheimaginati
5、on.Andforthisreason,eventhoughourdailylossfromthissourceisgreaterthanfromourwasteofmaterialthings,theonehasstirredusdeeply,whiletheotherhasmovedusbutlittle.Asyettherehasbeennopublicagitationfor"greaternationalefficiency,"nomeetingshavebeencalledtoconsiderhowthisistobebroughtabout.Andstillthereares
6、ignsthattheneedforgreaterefficiencyiswidelyfelt.173Thesearchforbetter,formorecompetentmen,fromthepresidentsofourgreatcompaniesdowntoourhouseholdservants,wasnevermorevigorousthanitisnow.Andmorethaneverbeforeisthedemandforcompetentmeninexcessofthesupply.Whatwearealllookingfor,however,istheready-made
7、,competentman;themanwhomsomeoneelsehastrained.Itisonlywhenwefullyrealizethatourduty,aswellasouropportunity,liesinsystematicallycooperatingtotrainandtomakethiscompetentman,insteadofinhuntingforamanwhomsomeoneelseh
