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1、教育心理学复习资料发展的概念l五种发展,身体physicaldevelopment(changeinbody),个人personaldevelopment(changesinanindividual’spersonality),社会socialdevelopment(changesinthewayanindividualrelatestoothers),认知cognitivedevelopment(changesinthinking)l发展的特点,有序(orderlyprocess),逐渐(takesplacegrad
2、ually),速率不一(atdifferentrates)1.语言发展是在情境中,有一定目的性的2.语言构建模块,语音,语义,句法,语用婴儿期的语言发展,babbling儿童期发展,three-wordinnativelanguageorder,通常犯三种错误,overextension,underextension,Overregularization(忽略特殊语法)儿童中期的语言发展(变化*源语言意识)青春期语言发展l成年人角色(四个,jointattention,child-directedspeech,expa
3、nsionandrecasting,largeinput)l母语与第二语言发展的相同点(早期依赖常规用语,僵硬语言块,泛化)l为何学第二外语较难?错过关键期,缺少强度(热情),与文化,心理发展不匹配,学习过程的沮丧焦虑皮亚杰认知发展理论l四个阶段:【感知运动阶段sensorimotor,前运算阶段preoperational,具体运算阶段concrete-operational,形式运算阶段formal-operational】Sensorimotor:involvingthesensesandmotoractivit
4、yPreoperational:thestagebeforeachildmasterlogicalmentaloperations孩子掌握逻辑心理运算的前一阶段Concreteoperations:mentaltasktiedtoconcreteobjectsandsituations.心里任务与具体对象和情况相关联Formaloperations:mentaltasksinvolvingabstractthinkingandcoordinationofanumberofvariables涉及抽象思考和协调一组变量的心
5、理任务里程碑:Objectpermanence,goal-directedaction,anddeferredimitationInfantsexploretheworldthroughtheirsensesandmotoractivity,andworktowardmasteringobjectpermanenceandperforminggoal-directedactivities.婴儿通过感觉和运动活动探索世界,并努力掌握客体永久性和进行有目的的活动。Objectpermanence:theunderstand
6、ingthatobjectshaveaseparate,permanentexistence.对象是单独永久存在的。goal-directedaction:deliberateactionstowardagoal向一个目标采取的特意行为里程碑:Symbolicthought这一阶段思想的局限性:Concentration,one-waylogic,egocentrism,animismSymbolicthinkingandlogicaloperationsbegin.开始象征性思考和逻辑运算。Semioticfunct
7、ion:theabilitytousesymbolstorepresentactionsorobjectsmentally.能够在精神上使用符号表示动作或对象Egocentric:assumingthatothersexperiencetheworldthewayyoudo假设别人体验世界的方式与自己一样Collectivemonologue:孩子在群体说话但并没有真正的交流和互动的说话形式里程碑:Conservation,identity,reversibility,compensation,classificati
8、on(classinclusion,seriation)Childrencanthinklogicallyabouttangiblesituationsandcandemonstrateconservation,reversibility,classificationandseriating.孩子能在逻辑上思考实际情况,演示保存,