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1、SoftwareEngineeringEvolution&NanagementEffortEstimationCOCOMO-AnEmpiricalEstimationModelforEffortIntroduction:Thestructureofempiricalestimationmodelsisaformula,derivedfromdatacollectedfrompastsoftwareprojects,thatusessoftwaresizetoestimateeffort.Size,itself,isanesti
2、mate,describedaseitherlinesofcode(LOC)orfunctionpoints(FP).Noestimationmodelisappropriateforalldevelopmentenvironments,developmentprocesses,orapplicationtypes.Modelsmustbecustomised(valuesintheformulamustbealtered)sothatresultsfromthemodelagreewiththedatafromthepart
3、icularenvironment.Thetypicalformulaofestimationmodelsis:E=a+b(S)cwhere;Erepresentseffort,inpersonmonths,Sisthesizeofthesoftwaredevelopment,inLOCorFP,and,a,b,andcarevaluesderivedfromdata.Therelationshipseenbetweendevelopmenteffortandsoftwaresizeisgenerally:ESThisgrap
4、hdemonstratesthattheamountofeffortacceleratesassizeincreases,i.e.,thevaluecinthetypicalformulaaboveisgreaterthan1.COCOMO:WhenBarryBoehmwrote'SoftwareEngineeringEconomics',publishedin1981,heintroducedanempiricaleffortestimationmodel(COCOMO-COnstructiveCOstMOdel)thati
5、sstillreferencedbythesoftwareengineeringcommunity.Themodelhasbeenreviewedsince1981anddetailsoftherevisedandupdatedCOCOMO2model,canbeobtainedat:http://sunset.usc.edu/research/index.html.TheoriginalCOCOMOmodelwasasetofmodels;3developmentmodes(organic,semi-detached,and
6、embedded)and3levels(basic,intermediate,andadvanced).COCOMOmodellevels:Basic-predictedsoftwaresize(linesofcode)wasusedtoestimatedevelopmenteffort.Intermediate-predictedsoftwaresize(linesofcode),plusasetof15subjectivelyassessed'costdrivers'wasusedtoestimatedevelopment
7、effort.page:4of4SoftwareEngineeringEvolution&NanagementEffortEstimationAdvanced-ontopoftheintermediatemodel,theadvancedmodelallowsphase-basedcostdriveradjustmentsandsomeadjustmentsatthemodule,component,andsystemlevel.COCOMOdevelopmentmodes:Organic-smallrelativelysma
8、ll,simplesoftwareprojectsinwhichsmallteamswithgoodapplicationexperienceworktoasetofflexiblerequirements.Embedded-thesoftwareprojecthastigh
