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1、Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords——0601黎娟娟IntroductionInpreviouschapters,wehavelearnedthehistorical,cultural,andsocialfactorsthatfacilitatethedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Althoughborrowinghasbeenplayinganimportantroleintheexpansionofvocabulary,h
2、owever,vocabularyismainlyenlargedonaninternalbasisnowadays.Inbrief,thischapterwilldiscussmorphemes,theirclassificationandidentification,therelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-formation.3.1Morphemes词素WhatisMorpheme?Word-formation:thesmallestfunctioningunitinthec
3、ompositionofwords.(Crystal1985)Syntactic:theminimalformofgrammaticalanalysis.Definition:Amorphemeisaminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage(语言中最小的意义单位).Morphemesareusedtoformwordsorindicategrammaticalconcept.Awordisaminimalfreeform(词是最小的自由单位).Theconceptofmorphemediffe
4、rsfromtheconceptofword,asmanymorphemescannotstandaswordsontheirown.What’smore,manymorphemesarenotfree.unrespectablefreerecollectionfreeunpredictablefree语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词morpheme。WordManycanbeseperatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.Canoccurbyitself.MorphemeCanno
5、tbefurtherdivided.Cannotoccurbyitselfunlessitisinamono-morphemicword.Theword“unladylike”consistsofthreemorphemes:“un-”not“lady”(wellbehaved)femaleadulthuman“–like”havingthecharacteristicsofNoneofthesemorphemescanbebrokenupanymorewithoutlosingallsenseofmeaning.L
6、adycannotbebrokenupinto"la"and"dy,"eventhough"la"and"dy"areseparatesyllables.Becausenoneofthesehasmeaningonitsown.Theword"unbreakable"hasthreemorphemes:“un-”aboundmorpheme,prefix"break“afreemorpheme"-able",aboundmorpheme,suffix.Both"un-“and"-able"areaffixes.The
7、word“technique”consistsofonlyonemorphemewithtwosyllables.Eventhoughthewordhastwosyllables,itisasinglemorphemebecauseitcannotbebrokendownintosmallermeaningfulparts.Characteristics:1.Allthemorphemeshavetheirownmeanings,buttheycannotbefurtherdivided,otherwisetheyw
8、illnotmakeanysense.2.Morphemesmayhavesomevariants,forexample,-ation,mayalsobe–tion,-sion,-ion,buttheybelongtothesamesuffixbecausetheyhavethesamemeaningandgrammaticalfunction