概述写作概述写作

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第六章写作一、写作概述1．大学英语四级统考对写作的要求大学英语四级考试写作部分的目的是测试考生用英语表达思想的一般能力，考生应根据要求在30分钟内写出大约100—120个词的短文。四级考试写作试题是一种指导性写作（Guidedwriting），实际上文章的语篇结构或主要内容已经确定，不需要考生进行独立的命题写作，考生只需根据题型的要求和提示适当地增添一些具体内容，不能自由发挥，如果题目规定的内容写不出来，考试就会失败。2．大学英语四级统考写作的评分原则（1）CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。（2）CET作文题采用总体评分(GlobalScoring)方法，阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(RewardingScores)，而不是按语言的错误数目扣分。（3）从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适当地表达思想，也就是考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。（4）避免趋中倾向，该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括零分．阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。3．大学英语四级统考写作的评分标准（1）本题满分为15分。（2）评分标准共分为五等,2分、5分、8分、11分及14分，各有标准卷一至两份。（3）阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，诺认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分)，若认为稍优或劣于该分数，则可以加1分(即9分)，或减一分(即7分)，但不得加或减半分。（4）具体评分标准2分—条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分—基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。8分—基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有许多是严重错误。 11分—切题．表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分—切题．表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注:白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分)。（5）字数不足应酌情扣分。累计字数90-9980-8970-7960-6950-59<49扣分123579注：1．如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句均不得计入所写字数。2．只写一段者：0一4分；只写两段者：0—9分(指规定三段的作文)。二、大学英语四级统考写作题型及写作方法指导在已进行的四级考试中，前五次作文题目均为段首句或段尾句作文，1991年为图表作文，其余的都是提纲作文。自全国大学英语四级考试实施以来，写作一直是考生的薄弱环节，尽管近年来考生的总体水平有了明显的提高，但他们的英语写作能力和成绩却不是很理想，满分15分的作文，考生的平均分一直达不到及格标准（9分）。为了使大家熟悉作文考试题型，提高应试能力，现将四级考试可能考到的题型逐类进行介绍和分析，其中将重点介绍最为常考的提纲式作文。(一)段首句作文段首句顾名思义就是每个段落的第一句，一般来说段首句作文中的段首句也就是位于段落之首的主题句，各段首句都从不同角度支持着全文的主题，相互之间存在着一定的逻辑关系，同时又对该段起统帅作用，由此可见段首句有两层含义：一是点明该段主题，规定了文章的段落，二是限制每段的内容都要围绕着它扩展而不能偏离，因此段首句作文是测试考生能否通过对题目及段首句的分析，正确理解和把握段首句所包含的该段的中心论点和全文的主题思想，写出与段首句在意义上连贯、形式上统一、语气上一致的文章，段首句作文的写作步骤与技巧如下：1．认真审题。仔细阅读指令，明确写作目的与要求。2．篇章构思。认真分析各段首句所包含的信息，仔细斟酌、推敲各段首句之间的相互关系，以获取对整篇文章的印象，把握文章主题，展开整体构思。3．拟订提纲。即使不动笔，也要在脑海中形成一个全文的大体思路。4．开展续写。考虑续写的方法与模式，紧扣主题句写好发展句，使其能起到支持和说明段落中心的作用，使全篇语义连贯，衔接自然。5．检查修改。下面是一道题为NoSmoking的段首句作文题:NoSmokingl.Smokingisharmful.2.Smokingharmsnotonlythesmokersbutalsopeoplearoundthem.3.Therefore… 很显然，作文的第一段是要让考生论述吸烟的危害，可从科学的角度，结合自己的所见所闻谈谈其危害性。第二段可以认为是第一段内容的延续，连词notonly…butalso起到承上启下、自然过渡的作用。第三段提示词Therefore道出了“因果关系”，表明这一段应写结论（conclusion）--“因为吸烟有害健康，所以我们应该…”下面是一篇范文：NoSmokingSmokingisharmful.Thishasalreadybeenprovedbyscientificresearches.Agreatnumberofdiseasesarecausedbysmoking.Lungcancerisjustoneoftheseonthelist.Inaddition,smokingiseconomicallyharmful.Peoplespendalotofmoneyonit.Smokingnotonlyharmsthesmokerbutalsopeoplearoundthem.Withsmokersaroundthem,non-smokershavetotoleratethedirtyandstuffyair.Therefore,non-smokersareliabletobecomethevictimsofsmokinganddevelopthesamediseaseasthesmokersdo.Therefore,smokingisabadhabit.Everyone,especiallytheyoungpeopleshouldgetridofit.Ifallofuscanstrivetopreventsmoking,ourairwouldbecleanerandwecanbehealthier.(二)提纲作文提纲作文是四级考试写作题最为常见的形式。它一般给定一个题目，然后给出英语或汉语的段落大纲。写这类作文的方法和步骤和写段首句作文基本一样，都是要审清题目要求，准确把握提纲所提供的信息，紧扣题目的中心思想，按照提纲提供的要点和思路去选择素材和词语。下面我们以95年6月的题目作详细说明。AdvantagesofaJobInterview1.现在找工作一般都要进行面试，面试者(interviewer)和应试者(interviewee)可以相互了解情况。2.面试者可以向应试者介绍情况，如工作性质、条件、待遇等。3.应试者也有机会给对方留下一个好的印象，如可以表现出自信心，可以介绍教育背景、工作能力等。从第一段提纲来看，这应是全文介绍部分，提示全文要写的内容，即面试的两方面的好处，提纲已把大概的内容讲明，只要稍加发展即可。第二、三段是第一段的延伸，分别论述面试对面试者和应试者的好处，主要内容提纲都已给出，再加上一两个发展句就行了。按照论述文写作的惯例和格式，最后还要加上一个总结性的结束段，对上面内容进行总结，或是发表写作者的个人见解。下面就是一篇范文。AdvantagesofJobInterviewNow，whenapersonishuntingforajob,therewillalwaysbeajobinterview.Ithinkthatthejobinterviewhasalotofadvantages.Theinterviewerandtheintervieweecanknowabouteachotherfromit. Ontheonehand,theinterviewercantellsomethingaboutthejobtotheintervieweesuchasthesalary,theworkconditionsandsomethingelsethatisrelevanttothejob.Thentheintervieweecandecideweatherthejobisreallysuitableforhim.Ontheotherhand,Ithinkthejobinterviewisagoodchancefortheintervieweetoshowhisabilityandknowledgebyexpressinghimselftotheinterviewer.Hecanalsoshowbothhisabilityandself-confidence.Thentheinterviewercanfigureoutwhetherheistherightpersonforthejob.Inaword,Ithinktheinterviewwilldogoodtoboththeinterviewerandtheinterviewee.Byaninterview,theinterviewercanfindasuitablepersonifbothofthemmakethebestofthejobinterview.综观历年的大学英语四级统考写作试题，可以看出提纲作文的主要形式有以下几种：（一）比较/对比。对某一问题的两种看法进行分析说明，然后给出自己的看法或体会，常用的写作手法有分析、列举、举例等。如下面两题：PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports(93.1)Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicPositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.体育运动的好处。2.体育运动可能带来的副作用。3.我参加体育运动的体会。第一段要写体育运动的好处，可以用列举的方法，如体育可以增强体质（buildupphysicalstrength）、培养团队精神（developteamspirit）等等。第二段是说体育运动的缺点，比如它可能使我们受伤、过度运动有害身体等。第三段要求作者写出自己的切身体会，一般会写其对自己好的影响，如可以广交朋友（makemanyfriends）、获得乐趣(gainpleasure)等。CanMoneyBuyHappiness?(95.1)Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicCanMoneyBuyHappiness?Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（sourceofhappiness）.2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（rootofallevils）.3.我的看法。（二）解释说明。这类题目要求写作者对某一种事物或现象进行解释、说明，分析其原因或解决的方法：Bicycles—anImportantMeansofTransportinChina(91.1)Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicBicycles—anImportantMeansofTransportinChina.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.为什么自行车在中国这样普及。2.和汽车的比较。3.自行车在中国的前途。MyFavoritesTVProgram(93.6)Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyFavoritesTVProgram.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyour compositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.我最喜欢的电视（或无线电）节目是…….2.这类节目的内容和特点。3.我喜欢它的原因。（一）图表作文所谓图表式作文，顾名思义，就是利用表格或图画而写的作文。常见的图表式作文有曲线图，圆周图，标绘图等。图表式作文在历年的四级考试作文题里所占的比例较小，而且主要是表格类，相对来说，图表式作文是比较难的题型。但只要掌握了图表式作文的要领，避免慌乱和恐惧，写图表式作文也能得心应手。写图表式作文的准备过程，一般可以分为三个步骤：第一，要理解图表的含义，把握图表所要传达的信息，这是写好图表式作文的前提；第二，选择那些能充分说明图表主题的典型数据；第三，根据自己的分析结果和文章的题目写出各段主题句(有时，图表式作文也会给出主题句)。图表式作文一般可以分成三段来写：第一段用能充分表现图表主题的典型数据描述图表的总的内容；第二段对数据进行比较分析，找出产生变化的原因；第三段写自己对图表所表达内容的评论或看法，得出自己的结论。下面就是一篇范文：Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositionaboutChangesinPeople’sDietaccordingtothefollowingoutlineinthreeparagraphs.Yourpartofthecompositionshouldbenolessthan100words,notincludingthewordsgiven.Remembertowriteclearly.YoushouldwritethiscompositionontheCompositionSheet.1.statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears2.givepossiblereasonsforthechanges3.drawyourownconclusion4.youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossibleYearFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%13%21%Fruit&vegetable24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%ChangesinPeople’sDietAsshownintheabovetable,greatchangestookplaceinpeople’sdietfrom1986to1990.Onthewhole,theconsumptionofgraindecreasedyearbyyear,whilethatofsomehighenergyfood,suchasmilkandmeat,increasedconsistently. Inmyopinion,thereweretwomaimreasonsforthechangesinpeople'sdiet.Firstly,peoplegavetheirattentiontothequalityoftheirdiet.Secondly,peoplecouldaffordtobuymoreexpensivefoodwithbetternutritionowingtotheincreaseoftheirincome.Fromtheabove,wecanseethatpeople’slivingstandardimprovedremarkablyinthefiveyearsfrom1986to1990.Andwecanalsoanticipatethattheywilllivemoreandmorecomfortablyandwealthilyinthefuture.（一）关键词作文关键词作文是难度较大的一种作文题型，给关键词的作文一般也给题目。所给的关键词是在文章中用来表达思想、陈述事实的核心词汇，一般是按段落给出，按一定逻辑顺序排列。这样关键词不但为写作提供了线索和思路而且也提供了语言素材，规定了文章内容。考生应先认真审题，对所给的调进行分析，找出内在联系然后去构思、选材。关键词可分两类，一类是从作文内容出发给一些能点出主要内容或情节的关键词，另一类是从语篇结构或情节发展出发，给一组使文章得以展开的结构关键词，这两类关键词结合起来既能展示内容又能指导结构。写作步骤与技巧：1研读指令、认真审题、弄清写作目的。2判断所给关键词是否按文章顺序列出，按文章顺序列出的应以给出的词语为线索，构思文章的内容，将词义串起来思考，看形成一种什么概念表达什么思想，从中琢磨出写作意图和要求。3对不按文章顺序给出的关键词，要反复推敲逐一弄清词义，进而设想文章所涉及的范围和内容，确定中心思想，然后重新排列词语的顺序。4注意识别表示结构的关键词，弄清其确切含义，推导出文章整体的发展思路及段落之间的内在逻辑关系。5将关键词按一定的语法规则组织成句。下面我们来看一个例子：Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTelevisionisGoodtoPeople.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingkeywords:wellinformedcurrenteventslatestdevelopmentsinstructiveprogramseducationspecialbroadcastsTVuniversityopenuniversitybroadenone’shorizonskeepclosecontactwithTelevisionisGoodtoPeopleInrecentyears,theargumentovertheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftelevisionhasbecomebitter.Tomymind,televisionhasdonemoregoodthanharmtoitsviewers.Inthefirstplace,televisionkeepsonewellinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpoliticsandoffersanendlessseriesofinstructive andentertainingprogram.Besides,televisionprovidesenormouspossibilitiesforeducation.Forexample,TVprovidesspecialbroadcastsforthoseinTVUniversityorOpenUniversity.Italsooffersspecializedsubjectslikelanguageteaching,sewing,andsoon.Finally,asTVhasbroughtthemostdistantcountriesandthestrangestcustomsintoone’ssittingroom,peopleallroundtheworldarenolongerdistantandisolatedfromeachother.Inaword,withtelevisionpeoplewillbroadentheirhorizonsandkeepclosecontactwiththeirowncountryandtheword.三、四级考试写作中常用段落扩展方法1．列举法列举法是将各种因素，如理由、原因、目的、结果、优点、缺点等，一一列出，以增强文章的说服力，同时也能使文章条理清晰、结构简洁。用列举法发展段落时，作者首先在主题句中提出一种观点/事物，然后将其分解，逐一列出其所有或部分组成成分，其基本格式为：a1a2Aa3A4…An现在我们来看下面范文是如何说明听音乐会的好处的：(A)Thereareseveralreasonswhygoingtoconcertisgoodtopeoplewholovemusic.(a1)First,goingtoconcertisagoodwayofentertainingoneself.(a2)Second,listeningtoliveperformancemayachievebettersoundeffectthanlisteningontheradio,CDplayerorthroughothermans.(a3)Third,tothosewhoplayacertainmusicalinstrument,goingtoconcertmayhelpthemtolearnthewaytheexpertandmasterplay.(a4)Finally,therearerulesataconcert.Attendingconcertoftenmayhelponetoimprovehis/hermannerandasenseofdecency.2．举例法举例法是展开段落的另一种方法。作者通过举例说明的方法对主题句的观点或思想加以证明，使段落的主题更加鲜明突出，同时也使文章更加生动，更有说服力。比如：Writersoftenusedifferentwordsorexpressionstorefertothesamethingseveraltimes.Forinstance,itiscommontousepronounslikehe,itthem,that,those,etctoreplacenouns.Anotherexampleistheuseofonenountotaketheplaceofanothernoun.3．因果法因果法是根据事物的原因推导出结果，或根据某种结果分析出导致此结果的原因等来发展段落的方法。它和列举法相似，只不过这里列举的是原因。如91年6月的范文：Inmyopinion,thereweretwomajorreasonsforthechangesinpeople'sdiet.Firstly,peoplegavetheirattentiontothequalityoftheirdiet.Secondly,peoplecouldaffordtobuymoreexpensivefoodwithbetternutritionowingtotheincreaseoftheirincome.4．比较/对比法通过比较或对比的方法来说明与论证主题句给出的观点或结论也是英语写作中段落展开的重要方法之一。比较法一般用来说明两个或两个以上的人或事物之间的相似之处，而对比法一般用来说明两个或两个以上的人或事物之间的不同之处。下面是一个使用比较法的段落： Theprocessofgainingorlosingweightcanbeexplainedbycomparingbodytoyourcar.First,yourcarcan'trunifthereisnopetrolbecauseitneedsenergy.Thesamethinghappenstoyourbody.Yourbodyalsoneedsenergy.Thefoodyoueatcanbeconvertedintoenergywithwhichyoucanrun,youcantalk,andyoucandoeverything.Second,ifyoueatmuchandyouareidle,yonwillgainweight,weknowacarwithtooheavyaloadcan'trunquicklyandsafely.Maybeitwillbreakdown.Similarlyitisalsoveryinconvenientanddangerousforyoutobefat.Youmightgetheartdisease,diabetes,andsoon.Ifsuchthingshappen,doctorswouldaskyoutoloseweight.而下面这一段采用的则是对比法：Theytwoarequitedifferentinappearance.Junewastallandthin,withredhairandbeard,sadgreyeyes.Hewassoshyandcorrectthathewasnicknamed"theEnglishman”.Tomwasquitetheopposite.Hehadhismother’ssmallstrongbuild(体格);hehadstraightblackhairandbrightblackeyesthatnoticedeverythingthatwasgoingonaroundhim.四、学生作文中常见的错误1．指代错误[误]ThewordorderofthesentenceistotallydifferentwhentranslatedintoEnglish.[正]ThewordorderofthesentenceistotallydifferentwhenthesentenceistranslatedintoEnglish.[分析]从句的主语是thesentence而不再是thewordorder，所以不能省略。[误]Onemusttakecareofoneselfsothatyoucanbecomestronger.[正]Onemusttakecareofoneselfsothathecanbecomestronger..[分析]句中指代混乱，前后不一致。与one相对应的只能是he而不能是you.[误]Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.[正]“I’mwrong,”shesaidtomysister.[正]“You’rewrong,”shesaidtomysister.[分析]原句指代模糊而是句子的意思含糊不清。2．一致错误[误]NeitheryounorIareguilty.[正]NeitheryounorIamguilty.[分析]违背了主谓一致中的就近原则。[误]Writingcompositionsareagoodwaytogetpractice.[正]Writingcompositionsisagoodwaytogetpractice.[分析]谓语应跟主语中心词一致。类似的还有下面的句子：Theresourcesofnaturehaveprovidedmanwithhislivelihood.Thegirltogetherwith(inadditionto)(alongwith)hertenclassmatesisleavingsoon.[误]Twoweeksareenoughforanicevacation.[正]Twoweeksisenoughforanicevacation.[分析]表示时间、金钱的多少，重量、容积的大小时，主语的表达方式尽管是复数，谓语仍用单数形式。类似的句子还有：Onehundredcentsmakesadollar.Twomilesismuchtoruninoneday. 1．平行错误[误]Johnlookedforhiscatbuthecouldnotfindit.[正]Johnlookedforhiscat,buthecouldnotfindit.[误]Tonyenjoyedsinging,Maryenjoyedtotalk.[正]Tonyenjoyedsinging;Maryenjoyedtalking.[误]Governmentismovingpeoplefromthedensitytotheemptyareas.[正]Governmentismovingpeoplefromthedensetotheemptyareas.From…to的后接成分应当相同，都应是形容词。[误]Sayingisonethingandtodoisanother.[正]Sayingisonethinganddoingisanother.[分析]在一个句子中，平行结构应用相同的语法形式表达，名词对应名词，动名词对应动名词，不定式对应不定式，从句对应从句。[误]Theythoughthewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungman.[正]Theythoughthewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungman.[分析]一个句子中应尽量使用同样的结构层次。2．语法错误[误]Thepolicetakeshimtothepolicestation.[正]Thepolicetakehimtothepolicestation.[分析]象police,family,audience等集合名词表示具体人员时要用复数，表示整体是才用单数。[误]Successdependsuponhardworking.[正]Successdependsuponhardwork.[分析]hardwork是固定表达方式，意为“勤奋的工作”。[误]MysisterwillcometoGuangzhuoinnextweek.[正]MysisterwillcometoGuangzhuonextweek.[分析]表示时间的名词被一个形容词修饰时，不能在用介词。类似的错误还有inlastyear,inthedaybeforeyesterday等。[误]Ifheismorecareful,heismorelikelytomakelessmistakes.[正]Ifheismorecareful,hewillbemorelikelytomakelessmistakes.[分析]在主从复合句中，从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。[误]Hisbodyisunhealthy.[正]Heisunhealthy.[分析]这是典型ChineseEnglish。五、范文及解析1.AdvertisingAdvertisingcanbeaservicetothecustomers.Thisistruewhenadvertisementsgivereliableinformationaboutthegoodsadvertised.Suchinformationisneededifthecustomeristomakeasensiblechoicewhenhebuys.However,someadsarenotveryusefultothecustomer.Theseadvertisementsarecleverlydone.Insteadofhelpingthecustomertosatisfyhisrealneeds,someadvertisementscreateaneed. Someotherssetouttomakeusbelievethatwhattheyadvertisewillmakeuscleverer,prettier,morehandsomeifonlyweuseit.Therearealsosomeadvertisementsmisleadcustomersbyusingpartofthetruthtosuggestsomethingfalse.Theysayafamousactressrecommendsacertainbrandofcosmeticstomakeherattractive,soastogivetheideathatonlythisbrandofcosmeticsisgoodtothecarelesslistener,readerorviewer.Inaword,advertisinghasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Weshouldbemorealertwhenreadingorlisteningtoads.本文第一段讲广告的好的作用—为读者提供信息；第二段讲广告的负面作用—误导读者，本段采用了举例的方法，讲到三种不好的广告；最后一段是一个简单的小结，重复强调了本文的主题。2.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofAdvertisementsWeareallawarethateverythinghasitstwosides.Advertisingisnoexception.Initsdevelopmentadvertisinghasbroughtbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Asfarasweconsumersareconcerned,ontheonehand,modernadvertisementsfacilitateallkindsof'services.Asadvertisingprovidesthemostdirect,comprehensiveanddetailedinformationoncommodities,culture,employment,studentenrollmentandevenmarriage,wecaneasilyknowaboutthesefromadvertisements.Inaddition,withadvertisements,consumerssavealotoftimeinshopping,lookingforjobs,etc.Ontheotherhand,toomanyadvertisementsarenotbasedonthequalityofthegoods,butregardprofitasthemostimportant.Theyaresimplymisleadingandcheatinguswithfloweryphrasesandemptypromises.Inspiteofthesedisadvantages,Ithinkadvertisingdoesmoregoodthanharmtoconsumers.Andthedisadvantages,sincetheyhavebeenpointedoutclearly,willbedealtwitheffectively.本文同上文主题相同，但写法却大不相同，第一段是一个总括，统领全篇，第二段具体讲广告的优点和缺点，第三段简要复现主题，文章的总体结构要优于上一篇文章。3.WaterWaterisveryimportant.Itisthebaseoflife.Peoplehavetousewatertosatisfytheirthirst,tomaintainpersonalandtheirbelonging'scleanness,towashthefoodtheyeat,toirrigatethecropstheyplant,andtobuildthehousestheyneed.Animalsandplantsalsoneedwaterinthesimilarwayasmandoes.However,noteveryonehasrealizedtheimportanceofsavingwaterandmakesapointtodoit.Everydaytheywastewaterbyusingmuchmorewaterthannecessary.Tapsareleftleaking,cupsofwaterarepouredoutwithmorethanhalfareuntouched.Somefactoriespourintotheriversorthelakestheirwastes,whichhavepollutedthewater.Waterwillbecomeaseriousproblemunlessitbecomeseveryone’sdutytotakecarethattheymakeaneffortinsavingwater.这篇文章的主题是节约用水，第一段讲水的重要性，第二段讲不节约用水的现象，这两段用的都是列举法，都是先给出一个主题句，再列举一些事实或事例来对主题句作进一步的阐释说明，第三段则简要说明了节水的紧迫性，以作为文章的结尾。 4.TheStudyofEnglishWhenIbegantoleanEnglishyearsago,Imadeupmymindtolearnitwell.ButIgettoknowthatEnglishisnotaseasyasIexpected.First,Englishprepositionsarereallyconfusing.InanEnglishexam,Icameacrossasentencewithablanktobefilledwithaproperpreposition.Thesentenceis“Thereisapieceofgoodnews__thenewspaper.Itookitforgrantedthat"on"wasthecorrectword.Butitturnedouttobe"in".Second,lotsofEnglishwordssoundthesamebutarewrittendifferently.Therearewordslikeimplementandcompliment,awareandware,principleandprincipal.Ioftenmistakeoneforanother.Thesewordsreallygivemealotoftrouble.Third,therearemanypuzzlingidiomaticexpressions.Suchas"outofquestion","outofthequestion","applepolish","beatout"and"softgoods”.AsIamnotfamiliarwiththecustomsofEnglishspeakingcountriesandtheoriginsoftheidioms,Ihavetorememberthemonebyone.Inspiteofthedifficulties,IamdeterminedtohaveagoodcommandoftheEnglishlanguage,becauseitwillbeagreathelptomeinmyfuture这篇文章第一段明确讲明主题：学英语很困难，中间三段分别列举了困难的三个方面：介词、易混淆的词、词组，这三段又分别采用举例法对各段的主题句加以说明，在结尾段中作者表明其面对这些困难的态度。5.MovieAsamassmedium,movieisverypopularamongpeopleallovertheworld.Peopleliketoseefilmsbecausetheyareagoodpastime.Forexample,cartoonfilms,filmsaboutdetectivestoriesandromancehaveattractedmillionofpeople.Moreover,moviecanplayaneducationalrole.Byseeingfilms,peoplecanlearnalotaboutnature,thehistoryofhumansociety,differentcultureandcustomsofmanycountries.Unlikebooks,moviespresentuswithpleasantmusicandcolorfulpicturestruetolife.Weareabletolearnthingsthroughentertainment.Itistimethatmoviehasaddedcolortoourlife.Itisalsotruethatmoviewillhelppeopleknowmoreabouttheworld.Nevershallanyothermassmediumtaketheplaceofmovie.本文第一段提出主题“电影在世界各地都受到人们的欢迎”，第二段说明了人们欢迎电影的原因，第三段复现主题并以此结束。第二段是文章的中心，采用了因果法，其中又嵌入了举例法。6.TheImportanceofConfidenceWhateveronedose,oneshoulddoitwithconfidence.Ifonehadconfidence,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldneverachieveanything.Thistruthseemstobeself-evident,especiallyforthosewhoarefacedwithdrawbacksorhardships.Forthosepeopleconfidencekeepstheirspiritsupwhenevertimesorthingsarehardforthem..However,inrealitywedoseealotofpeoplewhocomplainthattheirdifficultiesaretoopeattoovercome.Forsome,thismightbetrue,butformanyothers,thisonlyshowsthattheylack confidence.Therearetwomainreasonswhythosepeoplelackconfidence.First,theydonothaveacorrectestimateofthemselves.Second,theyoverestimatethedifficulties.Itispossibletobuildupconfidenceinoneselfbyhavingtherightattitudetowardone'sownability.Weshouldneverunderestimateourabilitiesbutshouldbelieveintheproverb,"Wherethereisawill,thereisaway,"Confidenceisthepremiseforfulfillingatasksuccessfully.本文第一段阐述了信心的重要性，第二段说在现实中却有人缺少信心并解释了缺少信心的原因，第三段讲到如何树立信心。7.PetroleumPetroleumisofvitalimportanceinthemodernworld.Itisanimportantsourceoftheworld'ssupplyofenergy;itprovidesindustrialoilsandtar;andpetroleumproductsandby-productsareusedinawidevarietyofmanufactures.Petroleuminitsnaturalstateiscalledcrudeoil.Crudeoilisuseless.Ithastogothroughthecomplexprocessofrefiningtoyieldgasoline,dieseloil,industrialoil,tarsandotherproductsvitalformoderntransport,industryandagriculture.Theworlddemandforpetroleumhasgrownenormouslydaybyday,yetthediscoveryof'moreoilfieldsandgrowthofmoderntechnologyhaskeptpacewiththedemand.Asoilfieldsonlandbecomeexhausted,newoffshoreoilisbeingexploited.However,petroleumisnotarenewablenaturalresource.Onceitistakenfromthedepthsoftheearthitcanneverbereplaced.Scientistsallovertheworldarenowengagedinresearchtofindothersourcesofenergy.这是一篇说明文，第一段讲石油的重要性，第二段讲石油的提炼，第三段讲世界对石油的需求，这样从整体上对石油的主要方面作了一番简要介绍。8.ADayattheBeachItisabeautiful,warmafternoon,andthesunisshiningbrightly.Thewindisblowing,yetitisnotcold.Therearealotofpeopleatthebeachtoday.WangMingisatthebeachwithhisfriendsZhangMing,LiHong,YangReiandJanguo.Therearealotofactivitiesonthebeach.Manypeoplearetakingsunbaths.WangMing,YangReiandLiHongaretakingsunbath,too.Somesunbathersarelisteningtotheirradios,andothersarereadingorsleeping.ZhangMingandJanguoareinthewater.Theyareswimmingtothefloatingdock.Therearechildrenplayingnearthewater.Someofthemarebuildingsandcastlesandothersaregettingtheirfeetwet.Afatoldmaniswatchingafootballgameonhisportabletelevisionset.Thereisalsoagroupofpeopleplayingvolleyball.Bothteamsareyellingandhittingtheballoverthenet.Everybodyisplayinghardtowin.Inshort,allthepeopleatthebeacharehavingagoodtimetoday,fortherearemanythingstodo.这是一篇记叙文，讲到一次海滩之旅。第一段是背景介绍，第二段采用列举的方法详细介绍了海滩上的各种有趣活动，最后一段以一个简单总结结尾。 9.FamilyPlanningChinahasadoptedthepolicyoffamilyplanningasanecessitysincethe1970s.ThebasiccontentofChina'sfamilyplanningpolicyistoadvocatelatemarriageandlatechildbirth.Andthegovernmenthasbeencampaigninghardwiththebirth-controlslogan"onecouple-onechild".Withtheadoptionofthefamilyplanningpolity,thepopulationhasbeenchangedtowardlowbirthrate.Asaresult,itearnstheunderstandingandsupportofthepopulationandhasachievedresults.Ifthefamilyplanningprogramhadnotbeenadopted.Chinawouldhavehad260millionmorethanpresentpopulation.Now,ourlivingstandardsareraised,lifeismoreprosperous,andournationaleconomyhasdevelopedsteadily.However,theprogramhasnotbeeneffectivelycarriedout,especiallyinthecountryside,wheremanycouplesstillkeeptryingformorechildren.TheachievementsinpopulationcontrolofChinahavefullyprovedthatthefamilyplanningpolicyisunshakable.Thegovernmentmuststrengthentheprogramandenforceitasastrategicpolicyinthelongrun.本文是一篇说明性质的文章，第一段简要介绍了计划生育，第二段将计划生育的实施及其成果，第三段说明计划生育是一个不变国策，还有待进一步加强。10.MyFavoriteSportMyfavoritesportisrunning.Inordertogetenoughtimetodorunningeverymorning,Ihavedevelopedagoodhabitofgettingupearly.Isometimesenjoyrunninginthelateafternoonorevenatnightbeforegoingtobed,becauseitisgoodforsleep.Ilikerunningforseveralreasons.First,goinginforthissportdoesn'tneedseveralplayers.Wecandoitatanyfreetimeifwelike.Besides,apairofshoesisenough.Second,runningisnotlimitedbyplace.Wecannotonlyrunontheplayground,butalsorunonthepathsorevenalongthestreet.Finally,sinceweoftendorunningoutdoors,wecanoftenbreathefreshairalongalake,onthepathsinaforest,etc.Butsometimeswecan'tdorunning.Forexample,weshouldn’trunintherain,otherwisewemightcatchcold.Moreover,runningtoolongadistanceinthemorningcanmakeustootiredtoconcentrateonourstudyorwork.Thereforeweshouldbecarefulaboutthesetwopoints.本文首先说明什么是我最喜欢的运动项目，然后用因果法说明我为什么喜欢它，最后又谈到这项运动的缺点并以此结束。11.Celebrationofmother'sdayinChinaOnthesecondSundayinMay,manyChinesepeopletakevariouswaystoexpresstheirappreciationtotheirmothers.Someofthembuyflowersorsomeotherpresents;somedothewholeday'shouseworkthatusedtobedonebytheirmothers,somegivefeaststoorgooutsightseeingwithmothers.NownearlyeveryoneknowsMother'sday.ButsomepeopleconsideritstrangeandunnaturaltocelebrateMother'sDayinChina.Theycan'tacceptitbecauseitisacompletelywesterncustom.Theydon'tthinkitnecessaryto"show"speciallytheappreciationtomotherin oneday.Theyarguethatweshouldshowrespecttoandtakecareofourparentseveryday.Inmyview,theyareright.Butthereareindeedpeopleyettoberemindedtoremembertheirmothers'careanddevotionintheirgrowth.Ontheotherhand,Chinesearewellknowntobetooshytoexpresstheirfeelings.Itisluckyforustohaveaspecialdaytorevealourtruelovetoourmother.本文也是一篇说明文，说明了母亲节在中国的情况。文章首先说明中国人是如何庆祝母亲节的，接着说明对母亲节的不同看法，最后作者发表了自己对这一问题的观点。12.CanMoneyBuyEverything?Moneyisconsideredbysomepeopleasthemostimportantthinginlife.Theythinkthatthemajorityofthematerialthingsinourdailylifehastobeboughtwithmoneyandthatiftheyhavealotofmoney,theycanmakethemselvesverycomfortablebyhavingafinehousetolivein,beautifulclothestoputon,deliciousfoodtoeat,etc.Butmoneycannotbuyeverything.Taketimeandone'slife,forexample.Nomatterwhatwedo,orhowmuchmoneywearewillingtopay,wecannotmakethedaylastlongerthan24hours.Supposethereisamillionairewhopossesseseverythingexceptgoodhealth.Bythetimeheissufferingfromafatalillnesswhathewishesformostisalongerlife.Thoughmoneycanhelphimgetfirst-ratedoctorsandmedicalcare,moneycanneverbuyhimalongerlife.Moneyisthesourceofsomeevil.Somepeoplearegreedyformoney,breakthelawanddoallkindsofevilthings.Therefore,itmaybringthemtragedies.Sincemoneycannotbuyeverythingwedesire,itisnotatallpowerful.本文写法简明扼要，先说金钱在生活中很重要，接着来了个转折，提出并论述金钱不能买到一切的论题，最后，文章对上述讨论进行总结，说明金钱好坏两个方面。13.ADreamOneevening,IwasverygladtowatchafootballgameoftheWorldCuponTV.ItwasbetweenBrazilandItaly.Iwastooexcitedtofallasleeplongaftergoingtobed.Ifinallyfellasleepatabout2a.m.,andthenhadastrangedream.Inthedream,Ibecameafootballplayer.IwastoldthatZoffwasgoingtoplayfootballwithme.Iwasveryhappyandputonmybestsuit.Ontheplayground,therewereonlytwopersons:Zoffandme.Inspiteofanexcellentplayer,Ialwaysmissedkickingthefootball.ButZoffoftengotgoals.Finallyhewonmewithascore10to0.Lateron,Zoffbegantoteachmehowtoplayfootball.Ifollowedhimandran.ButsuddenlyIwasthrownoffbalancebyastoneandthenIwokeup.Itwasreallyawonderfuldream.本文记述了一个奇怪的梦。 14.ExaminationCheatingCheatinginexaminationsispopularnowinschoolsanduniversities.Onlyafewstudentsnevercheatedinthedifferentkindsofexaminationsfromprimaryschoolstouniversities.Themajoritydidcheatmoreorless.Somestudentscheatedintheexaminationsformanytimesandsomeonlyonceortwice.Oneofthereasonsforcheatinginexamsisoutoffear.Manystudentsareafraidthattheywillfailtopasstheexaminationsiftheydependsolelyontheirownabilities.Weshouldadmitthatsomeexaminationsthemselvescausethestudentstocheat.Takethecollegeentranceexaminationforexample.Ifthestudentsfailtopassit,nomatterhowhardtheydoinschool,theywon'tgotocollege.Sowecansaytheexaminationsystemisperhapspartlythereason.Howtopreventcheatinginexaminations?Inmyopinion,itisnotenoughtoemphasizeprinciplestostudents.Weshouldfirstreconsiderourexaminationsystemtomakeitarealeffectivetooltomeasurestudents'abilities.文章首先详细说明现象—考试作弊十分普遍，然后分析了作弊的原因，最后提出如何克服考试作弊问题。15.ReadingOneofthemostpopularhobbiesamongpeopleisreadingbooks.Manypeopleofdifferentages,sexesandprofessionsprefertospendtotheirpastimeinreadingbooksthoughthebookstheyinterestedinvaryfromonepersontoanother.Whyisreadingfavoredsomuch?Foronething,justasasaygoes:booksarethesourceofwisdom.Throughreadingbooks,mayacquireknowledgeaboutnature,society,ourselvesandmanyotherthings.Andfortheother,booksmayenrichourlifeexperiences.Sometimes,wemayfindourroutinelifemonotonous.Readingenablesustosharethecolorfullifeofheroesandheroines;tosharetheiragonies,joysandhappiness.Inaword,wecanderivealotofvaluablethings.Itwouldunimaginableifwearedeprivedofbooks.Readingbooksisessentialtoourspiritualelevationaswellastheexpansionofourknowledge.文章首先说明“阅读是最常见的爱好之一”，然后说明这一现象的原因—人们为什么喜欢读书，最后是小结，强调阅读的好处。16.TakingPart-limeJobsRecently,moreandmorecollegestudentsaremadaboutbeinginbusinessandtakingpart-timejobs.Somestudentsgivealltheirattentiontokeepingtheirbusinessaccountsstraight,andsomeevenpackuptheirbooksandturnentirelytobusiness.Theysaythattheyaretakingreal-lifecoursestolearnmoreaboutsocietyandsotheycankeeppacewiththeoutsideworld.Thisisonlyonesideofthestory,however.Theyareactuallysellingthemselvesoutascheapunskilledlabors,andatthesametime,aretakingworkfrompeoplewhodon'thaveaccess toauniversityeducation.What'smore,theyfailtoliveuptotheexpectationsboththecountryandtheirparentsholdonthem,thatis,theyshouldmakegooduseoftheirinnatetalentsandlimitedtimeintheuniversitytofinishhighereducation.Ithinkthat,ascollegestudents,ourpriorityistostudy.Halfheartedeffortswillonlybringmarginalresults,andtheopportunitytoexcelinsocietythroughasolideducationalfoundationwillbewasted.这篇文章先说明现象—大学生打工，然后分析这一现象的本质，最后给出自己对这一现象的看法，简明扼要。17.Isthepart-timejobworthwhile?Recentyears,inthehopeofearningbothmoneyandsocialexperience,moreandmorestudentsareinclinedtotakepart-timejobsintheirschooltime.Isitworthwhile?Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudes.Somestudentsthinkitworthwhiletotakeupapart-timejob.Theyheldtheideathatitmayhelptheminmanyrespects:stimulatelearningmoreefficiently,exploretheknowledgeoutsidethebooksandevengainthefinancialindependenceandworkingexperience.Yettherearestillotherstudentswhoshowtheirobjectionstoundertakingpart-timeJobs.Theythinkthatpart-timejobswillhavestrongnegativeinfluenceonstudy.Andtheworkcanonlybedoneatthecostofthetimeinwhichtojoininvariouscollegeactivities.Inmyopinion,itisworthwhiletakingapart-timejobifonlyitwillnotworkagainststudy.这篇文章同上一篇主题相近，但写法不同。本文先提出现象，接着提出全文论点：不同人对大学生打工的现象有不同的看法。下面两段分别论述正反两种不同看法及其依据，最后，作者简要发表了自己的观点。18.InternetInternetplaysanimportantpartinourlife.Whenyousearchthroughthenet,theworldseemssmallerthanever.Youcandoalotofthingsthroughinternet.Youcandiscussinternationalcrisis,footballmatch,oryourviewpointonloveandmarriagewithknownorunknownpeople.Inthisway,youmaymakesomefriends,whosharecommonviewswithyou.Whenyouareintrouble,youmayaskforhelpthroughinternet.What'smore,variousmeetingsareheldonthenet."Whatawonder!"Youmaysay.Yes,internetisoneofthemostinterestingthingsmanhaseverinvented.Butasmanyotherinventions,ithasitsownproblems.First,thereistoomuchrubbishonthenet.Somepeoplearejustover-enthusiastictooffervaluelessinformation.This,inturn,hasledtotheincreasingdifficultyinfindingwhatyouwant.Second,officialsalsofindithardtopreventinternetfromtheinvasionofcriminals.Third,sometimesthecostissoprohibitingtomanyChinese.Thereisnodoubtthatinternethascontributedandwillcontributegreatlytoourlifebecauseitisoneofthemostconvenientwaysofcommunication.Onceyouknowit,youcannotresistit.Itwillserveusbetterifweuseitproperly. 文章开头提出互联网已变的十分重要，然后说明其作用。第三段是一个转折段，起到承上启下的作用，接下来一段列举了互联网的一些缺点，结尾是对全篇的简要总结。19.ReforminChinaReformisoneofthemostimportantpoliciesintheconstructionofnewChina.Wehavecarriedoutreformineconomicfieldandpoliticalfieldformanyyearsandachievednotableachievements.ReformhasbroughtmanybenefitstotheChinesepeople.Thesuccessofeconomicreformhasobviouslyimprovedthelivingstandardofourpeople.Nowtheyarenolongerworriedabouttheirdailylifeandhaveholidaylikefoodeveryday.Atthesametime,thepoliticalreform'inChinahaschangedsomeunreasonablefactorsinthepoliticalstructuresandithascreatedbetterconditionsforthefurtherdevelopmentofproduction.Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,wewillfurtheracceleratethespeedofourreformastherearestillmanythingstodoaheadofus.Ourcountrywillbecomeastrongcountryatthenearfuture.文章首先给出全文中心，然后具体说明改革的影响，结尾是一个对未来的展望。20.BicycleBicycleisverypopularinChina.ItisanimportantmeansoftransportformostofChinesepeople.Therearethreereasonswhyitispopular.First,bicycleisnotexpensive;peoplecanaffordit.Anditsavesmoneytouseabike,becauseitdoesnotneedgasasacardoes.Second,itismoreconvenienttogotoworkbybikethanbybus.Busesaresocrowdedduringtherushhoursthatyoumaywastealotoftime.Butitiseasyforyoutocontrolyourtimebybike.Besides,itiseasiertoparkabikebecauseittakeslessspace.Ofcourse,abicyclehasitsowndisadvantages.Forexample,itrunsmuchmoreslowlythanacar;itcannotprotecttheriderfromrainandwind.Chinahasalargepopulationandisstillpoor.Takingthoseintoconsideration,IamsurethebicyclewillcontinuetobeanimportantmeansoftransportforalongtimeinChina.文章先提出现象—自行车在中国很普遍，然后论述普遍的原因，接着简要说明自行车的缺点，结尾段是一个对未来的展望。21.HowPeopleSpendLeisureTimePhysicalactivitiesandintellectualactivitiesarethetwobasicwaysinwhichwespendourleisuretime.Itdependsondifferentsituationstochoosethesuitablewayofpleasingthemselves.Thosewhoarewhite-collarworkerswouldpossiblydomorephysicalexercisestorelaxtheirminds.Theyhavetowaveasidealltroublesomemattersforthetimebeingandrefreshtheirmind.Noonecandrivehisheadtoworkcontinuously.Sophysicalactivitiescanbothstrengthen bodiesandkeeptheworkefficiency.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhodophysicalworkwiththeirhandstendtospendmoretimeonintellectualactivities.Theygotquitetiredafterhardwork,sotheyareunwillingtodoanyphysicaljobunnecessary.Moreover,theyshouldgetthemselveswellpreparedforthenextday,ortheywillbewornoutinthelongrun.文章开头说明根据不同情况，人们一般有两种娱乐方式。接下来两段分别论述为什么白领喜欢身体运动、蓝领智力活动。22.KeytoSuccessEveryonewantstobesuccessful.Themostimportantthreefactorsaboutsuccessaretheses:diligence,intelligenceandchance.Diligenceisthemostfundamentalfactor.Astheproverbsays:Nopains,nogains.Greatsuccessliesinhardwork.Manyscientists,suchasEinstein,Newton,haveprovedthisprinciplebytheirownexperience.Inourstudy,wealsocanfindthatthosewhoworkhardcanalwaysgetgoodmarks.Meanwhile,weshouldn'tignoretheothers,too.Intelligenceandchancearebothnecessaryrequirementstosuccess.Ifyouhaven'tenoughintelligence,itisdifficulttogetremarkableachievements.Ifyoucannotgraspthechance,successmaypassby.Ifapersonhasthesethreefactors,heisalreadyonthewaytosuccess.本文开门见山，首先说明成功的三个要素，紧接着具体解释这三种因素对成功的作用，最后简要复现主题：拥有这三个因素即是踏上了成功之路。23.WeekendNowadayspeoplehaveatwo-dayweekend.Thistwo-dayweekendbenefitscollegestudentsgreatly.Withatwo-dayweekend,studentshavemoretimetodowhattheyenjoy.Studentscanreadbooks,visitfriendsandwatchtelevisionwithoutbeingpreoccupiedwithrequiredtasks.Theycanalsousetheirweekendtodoexperiments.Furthermore,iftheygettiredafterspendingthefirstdayoftheweekendplaying,theycanusetheotherdaytorest.Ontheotherhand,thetwo-dayweekendmaycausesomeproblems.Ifstudentsprocrastinatedindoingtheirhomeworkorassignedlessonsduringthetwoweektheymayfeeltheexternalpressuretousethetimeontheweekendtostudy.Howeverifstudentsarenotwellorganized,theymaynotaccomplishmuchmoreovertheweekendandendupwastingtime.Inordertomakethebestuseofatwo-dayweekend,collegestudentsshouldmakeagoodplanforeveryweekendinordertomaximizetheirtimeandenergy.本文简要论述了大周末对大学生的好出和坏处。24.ActivitiesonCampusUsuallyonthecampusweseetwotypesofstudentswhospendtheirschooldaysindifferentways.Somestudentsoftenparticipateinschoolactivitiesandtheothersspendmuchtimeontheir studiesratherthanjoininschoolactivities.Iprefertheschoolactivities.Inmyopinion,thestudentswhoareactiveinschoolactivitiesarealwaysphysicallyhealthy,whichisindispensabletotheacquisitionofknowledge.Andagoodwaytokeephealthyandstrongistogoinforsuchactivitiesasboating,cycling,tennis-playingdancing,fishing,etc,whicharebeneficialbothtoourmusclesandtoourbrains.Whenwetakepartinanyoftheseactivities,notonlyourbodiesarebuiltup,butalsoourmindsaredivertedfromourworkorstudyforawhileandgetrelaxed,withtheresultthatwebe-comemorevigorous,andthatourstudiescanbeimproved.Inaword,schoolactivitiesarebeneficialtothestudents.Theycannotonlyhelptobuilduptheirbodiesbutalsohelptoimprovetheirstudy.文章开头挑明有两种学生，一种积极参加activities，另一种却整日埋头读书，接着作者提出他的观点：学生应当积极参加activities。接下来的两段说明积极参加activities的两方面的好处，最后是一个小结。25.BirthControlManypeopleareworriedabouttheproblemofpopulation.Itissaidthatattheendofthiscentury,thepopulationoftheworldwillreach7billion.Whyhasthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakenplace?Firstly,inmanydevelopingcountries,familyplanninghasn’tbeenpaidspecialattentiontountilrecently.Theproblemistooserioustobesolvedinashorttime.Secondly,theprogressinscienceandtheimprovementoflivingconditionshaveledtotherapidgrowthoftheworldpopulation.Forexample,modernmedicineandimprovedlivingconditionsmakeitpossibleforbabiestogrowuphealthilyandforpeopletolivelonger.Tochangethissituation,peoplehavetotakeactivemeasures.Menandwomenshouldbeurgedtogetmarriedlateandpracticebirthcontrol.Moreover,eachcoupleshouldhavenomorethanonechild.Theexceedingchildbirthmustbepunished.Onlyinthiswaycanpopulationproblems.这是一篇说明文。第一段综述人口现状；第二段分析了人口过多的原因；第三段提出了解决人口问题的几种方法。