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1、GraduateTextsinMathematics258EditorialBoardS.AxlerK.A.RibetForothertitlespublishedinthisseries,gotowww.springer.com/series/136OsmanGülerFoundationsofOptimizationOsmanGülerDepartmentofMathematics&StatisticsUniversityofMaryland,BaltimoreCountyHilltopCircle1000Baltimore,MD2125
2、0USAguler@umbc.eduEditorialBoard:S.AxlerK.A.RibetMathematicsDepartmentMathematicsDepartmentSanFranciscoStateUniversityUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleySanFrancisco,CA94132Berkeley,CA94720USAUSAaxler@sfsu.eduribet@math.berkeley.eduISSN0072-5285ISBN978-0-387-34431-7e-ISBN978-0
3、-387-68407-9DOI10.1007/978-0-387-68407-9SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondonLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010932783MathematicsSubjectClassification(2010):90-01,90C30,90C46,90C25,90C05,90C20,90C34,90C47,49M37,49N15,49J53,49J50,49M15,49K35,65K05,65K10,52A05,52A07,52A35,
4、52A41,52A40,52A37©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithr
5、eviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,e
6、veniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.Printedonacid-freepaperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)Idedicatethisbooktomymother,Z•ulyeG•uler,andtothememoryofmyfather,Es
7、refG•uler.PrefaceOptimizationiseverywhere.Itishumannaturetoseekthebestoptionamongallthatareavailable.Nature,too,seemstobeguidedbyoptimization
8、manylawsofnaturehaveavariationalcharacter.Amonggeometricguresintheplanewithaxedperimeter,thecirclehasthegreatestarea.Suchisoperime
9、t-ricproblemsinvolvinggeometricguresdatebacktoancientGreece.Fermat'sprinciple,dis