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1、NaturalLanguageProcessingwithPythonNaturalLanguageProcessingwithPythonStevenBird,EwanKlein,andEdwardLoperBeijing•Cambridge•Farnham•Köln•Sebastopol•Taipei•TokyoNaturalLanguageProcessingwithPythonbyStevenBird,EwanKlein,andEdwardLoperCopyright©2009StevenBird,EwanKlein,andEdw
2、ardLoper.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.PublishedbyO’ReillyMedia,Inc.,1005GravensteinHighwayNorth,Sebastopol,CA95472.O’Reillybooksmaybepurchasedforeducational,business,orsalespromotionaluse.Onlineeditionsarealsoavailableformosttitles(http://my.safarib
3、ooksonline.com).Formoreinformation,contactourcorporate/institutionalsalesdepartment:(800)998-9938orcorporate@oreilly.com.Editor:JulieSteeleIndexer:EllenTroutmanZaigProductionEditor:LoranahDimantCoverDesigner:KarenMontgomeryCopyeditor:Genevieved’EntremontInteriorDesigner:D
4、avidFutatoProofreader:LoranahDimantIllustrator:RobertRomanoPrintingHistory:June2009:FirstEdition.NutshellHandbook,theNutshellHandbooklogo,andtheO’ReillylogoareregisteredtrademarksofO’ReillyMedia,Inc.NaturalLanguageProcessingwithPython,theimageofarightwhale,andrelatedtrade
5、dressaretrademarksofO’ReillyMedia,Inc.Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheirproductsareclaimedastrademarks.Wherethosedesignationsappearinthisbook,andO’ReillyMedia,Inc.wasawareofatrademarkclaim,thedesignationshavebeenprintedincapsorinitialcaps
6、.Whileeveryprecautionhasbeentakeninthepreparationofthisbook,thepublisherandauthorsassumenoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions,orfordamagesresultingfromtheuseoftheinformationcon-tainedherein.ISBN:978-0-596-51649-9[M]1244726609TableofContentsPreface..........................
7、...........................................ix1.LanguageProcessingandPython..........................................11.1ComputingwithLanguage:TextsandWords11.2ACloserLookatPython:TextsasListsofWords101.3ComputingwithLanguage:SimpleStatistics161.4BacktoPython:MakingDecisio
8、nsandTakingControl221.5AutomaticNaturalLanguageUnderstanding271.6Summary331.7FurtherReading341.8