英国文学名词术语解释

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1、Ballad(民谣)aballadisanarrativepoemconsistingofquatrainsofiambictetrameteralternatingwithiambictrimeter.Commontraitsoftheballadarethat(a)thebeginningisoftenabrupt,(b)thestoryistoldthroughdialogueandaction(c)thelanguageissimpleor“folksy,”(d)thethemeisoftentragic---thoughcomicb

2、alladsdoexist,(e)theballadcontainsarefrainrepeatedseveraltimes.TheballadbecamepopularinEnglandinthelate14thcenturyandwasadoptedbymanywriters.OneofthemostimportantanthologiesofballadsisF.J.Child’sTheEnglishandScottishPopularBallads.，民谣指的是抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗。民谣的共同特色包括：（

3、a）诗歌的起首通常十分出其不意。（b）故事通过对话和行为讲述。（c）语言简单，民风十足。（d）尽管存在喜剧民谣，但大多数民谣的主题具有悲剧意味。（e）民谣通常包含重复多遍的叠句。民谣这种诗歌形式在14世纪晚期的英格兰十分盛行，从此以后许多作家对其进行模仿创作。历史上最为知名的民谣集之一为恰尔德收集出版的《英格兰和苏格兰流行歌谣》。Epic(史诗)Anepicisalongoralnarrativepoemthatoperatesonagrandscaleanddealswithlegendaryorhistoricaleventsofnati

4、onaloruniversalsignificance.Mostepicsdealwiththeexploitsofasingleindividualandalsointerlacethemainnarrativewithmyths,legends,folktalesandpastevents;thereisacompositeeffect,theentirecultureofacountrycoheringintheoverallexperienceofthepoem.Epicpoemsarenotmerelyentertainingsto

5、riesoflegendaryorhistoricalheroes;theysummarizeandexpressthenatureoridealsofanentirenationatasignificantorcrucialperiodofitshistory.史诗是长篇口头叙事诗，内容广泛，通常以重要传说或者重大历史事件为题材。大部分的史诗歌颂个人的英雄事迹，同时也在叙述中插入神话、传说、民间故事以及历史事件；一个民族的整体文化与全诗所讲的经历紧密联系，造成一种复合的效果。史诗不仅仅是愉悦人的传奇故事或者历史英雄事迹，它们总结以及表达了一

6、个民族在其历史上一个重要或者关键时期的本质或者理想。Humanism(人文主义)Broadly,thistermsuggestsanyattitudewhichtendstoexaltthehumanelementorstresstheimportanceofhumaninterests,asopposedtothesupernatural,divineelements---orasopposedtothegrosser,animalelements.Inamorespecificsense,humanismsuggestsadevotion

7、tothosestudiessupposedtopromotehumanculturemosteffectively----inparticular,thosedealingwiththelife,thought,language,andliteratureofancientGreeceandRome.Itproclaimedthatmanisthemostimportantnoblecreatureintheworld;thegoaloflifeistoenjoyoneselfinthispresentworldinsteadofafter

8、life.Accordingtothehumanists;bothmanandworldarehinderedbyexternalchecksfrominfinit