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1、哈佛大学教授教你写论文哈佛大学教授教你写论文-----超有用[ZZ]已有2174次阅读2008-4-611:38
2、个人分类:论文发表说明:本文是哈佛化学与化学生物学学院G.M.Whitesides教授研究小组内部分发的论文写作方法,从中我们不但可以学到如何有效的写作论文,而且可以学到一个科研小组是如何协作完成论文的写作。WhitesidesGroup:WritingaPaperGeorgeM.WhitesidesDepartmentofChemistryandChemicalBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USA1.Whatisa
3、scientificpaper?Apaperisanorganizeddescriptionofhypotheses,dataandconclusions,intendedtoinstructthereader.Papersareacentralpartofresearch.Ifyourresearchdoesnotgeneratepapers,itmightjustaswellnothavebeendone.“Interestingandunpublished”isequivalentto“non-existent.”[科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述]Realizet
4、hatyourobjectiveinresearchistoformulateandtesthypotheses,todrawconclusionsfromthesetests,andtoteachtheseconclusionstoothers.Yourobjectiveisnotto“collectdata.”[研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说,得出结论,不是简单的数据收集。]Apaperisnotjustanarchivaldeviceforstoringacompletedresearchprogram,itisalsoastructureforplanningyourresea
5、rchinprogress.Ifyouclearlyunderstandthepurposeandformofapaper,itcanbeimmenselyusefultoyouinorganizingandconductingyourresearch.Agoodoutlineforthepaperisalsoagoodplanfortheresearchprogram.Youshouldwriteandrewritetheseplans/outlinesthroughoutthecourseoftheresearch.Atthebeginning,youwillhavemostlyp
6、lan;attheend,mostlyoutline.Thecontinuousefforttounderstand,analyze,summarize,andreformulatehypothesesonpaperwillbeimmenselymoreefficientforyouthanaprocessinwhichyoucollectdataandonlystarttoorganizethemwhentheircollectionis“complete.”[论文并不仅是收集研究结果,也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架][好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划,在研究的过程中,应该反复修
7、改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时,应有完善的计划;工作结束时,应充分的总结。]2.Outlines2.1Thereasonforoutlines.Iemphasizethecentralplaceofanoutlineinwritingpapers,preparingseminars,andplanningresearch.Iespeciallybelievethatforyou,andforme,itismostefficienttowritepapersfromoutlines.Anoutlineisawrittenplanoftheorganizationofapaper,inc
8、ludingthedataonwhichitrests.Youshould,infact,thinkofanoutlineasacarefullyorganizedandpresentedsetofdata,withattendantobjectives,hypothesesandconclusions,ratherthananoutlineoftext.[按照提纲进行写作是最有效的方法][提纲是一篇论文的行文计划,应该包括论文所依靠的数据。提