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1、Canada’sInternationalrelationsintroductionWhatsortofroledoesCanadaplayintheworld?SometimesitseemsasthoughCanada’sinfluenceiscomparativelystrong:onoccasion,Canadahastakenaleaderroleinspearheading(先锋)changeandinshapingtheinternationalsystem.ItwasCanadianthat“invented”theconceptofUnitedNationspeace
2、keepingandconvincedtheinternationalcommunitytoputpressureonSouthAfrica’sapartheid(种族隔离)policies.It’softenassumedthatCanadasimplydoeswhattheUStellittodo,andthatCanadaissimplya“juniorpartner"asfarasitswesternalliesareconcerned.SomepeoplearguethatCanadausedtoassistGreatBritaininitsforeignpolicy,and
3、then,whenBritainlostitsstatusasaworldpowerafterWWⅡ,CanadabecameajuniorpartnerhelpingAmericanglobalinterests.ThemostaccuratewaytothinkaboutCanada,though,isasa“middlepower”.Canadacananddoesmakeasizeable(相当大的)contributiontotheinternationalsystem,andhasaglobalreputationasbeingan“honestbroker”(诚实的中间人
4、)，whichcanbereliedontomediate(调解)disputesandensuregoodrelationsamongnationsratherthantotrytoscorepoliticalpointsandfurtheritsownpowerandinfluence.JohnHolmes,oneofCanada’smostfamouspoliticalhistorians,wrotethat“notsomuchbyconvictionasbylaziness-andasurfeitofterritory-prefertobeasupplementaryrathe
5、rthanaleadingpower.”JohnHolmesPoliticalGeographyPerhapsthemajorinfluenceonCanada‘sparticipationintheinternationalsystemisitsgeography.ThisbringustotheothergeographicalfactorthatgravelyaffectsCanada’ssecurity.Borderedbythreeoceans,Canadahastheworld’slongestcoastline.Astheworldsecondlargestcountry
6、,theterritorythatneedstobedefendedisvast.DuringtheColdWar,CanadianswerealwaysacutelyawarethatifanuclearwarbetweentheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStateoccurred,Canadawouldinevitablybecomeabattleground,whetheritwantedtobeinvolvedornot.SoCanadiangovernmentprotested,andthewarplanswerealteredsothemissile(导
7、弹)couldbeinterceptedovertheseainstead.Becauseofthegeography,Canadahassometimesbeendescribedasbeing“indefensible”.becauseofitsmilitaryvulnerability(弱点),Canadianpolicy-makershavehadagreatinterestinpromotingpeaceandcooperationa
