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1、1215年自由大宪章（英文）1215年自由大宪章（英文）TheMagnaCarta(TheGreatCharter)1215英国是一个没有成文宪法的国家。他们的宪法是由一系列的文件和法案组成，其中具有奠基意义的一份，就是在1215年6月15日，由英国国王与贵族们签订的《大宪章》。这张书写在羊皮纸卷上的文件在历史上第一次限制了封建君主的权力，日后成为了英国君主立宪制的法律基石。大宪章（拉丁文MagnaCarter,英文GreatCharter）是英国于1215年订立的宪法，用来限制英国国王（主要是当时的约翰）的绝对权力。订立大宪章的主要原因是因为
2、教皇、英王约翰及封建贵族对皇室权力出现不同的意见。大宪章要求皇室放弃部分权力，及尊重司法过程，接受王权受法律的限制。大宪章是英国在建立宪法政治这长远历史过程的开始。Preamble:John,bythegraceofGod,kingofEngland,lordofIreland,dukeofNormandyandAquitaine,andcountofAnjou,tothearchbishop,bishops,abbots,earls,barons,justiciaries,foresters,sheriffs,stewards,servant
3、s,andtoallhisbailiffsandliegesubjects,greetings.Knowthat,havingregardtoGodandforthesalvationofoursoul,andthoseofallourancestorsandheirs,anduntothehonorofGodandtheadvancementofhisholyChurchandfortherectifyingofourrealm,wehavegrantedasunderwrittenbyadviceofourvenerablefathers,
4、Stephen,archbishopofCanterbury,primateofallEnglandandcardinaloftheholyRomanChurch,Henry,archbishopofDublin,WilliamofLondon,PeterofWinchester,JocelynofBathandGlastonbury,HughofLincoln,WalterofWorcester,WilliamofCoventry,BenedictofRochester,bishops;ofMasterPandulf,subdeaconand
5、memberofthehouseholdofourlordthePope,ofbrotherAymeric(masteroftheKnightsoftheTempleinEngland),andoftheillustriousmenWilliamMarshal,earlofPembroke,William,earlofSalisbury,William,earlofWarenne,William,earlofArundel,AlanofGalloway(constableofScotland),WarenFitzGerold,PeterFitz
6、Herbert,HubertDeBurgh(seneschalofPoitou),HughdeNeville,MatthewFitzHerbert,ThomasBasset,AlanBasset,Philipd'Aubigny,RobertofRoppesley,JohnMarshal,JohnFitzHugh,andothers,ourliegemen.1.InthefirstplacewehavegrantedtoGod,andbythisourpresentcharterconfirmedforusandourheirsforeverth
7、attheEnglishChurchshallbefree,andshallhaveherrightsentire,andherlibertiesinviolate;andwewillthatitbethusobserved;whichis121215年自由大宪章（英文）apparentfromthisthatthefreedomofelections,whichisreckonedmostimportantandveryessentialtotheEnglishChurch,we,ofourpureandunconstrainedwill,d
8、idgrant,anddidbyourcharterconfirmanddidobtaintheratificationofthesamefromou
