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1、违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。合作原则CooperativePrinciple（一）量的准则MaximofQuantity(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpu
2、rposeoftheexchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Forexample,1.Earl:Ijustwanttolookniceformysonwhenhecomesin.Max:What?Iamgoingtomeetyourkid?Earl:Well,oneofthem.Max:“Oneofthem?”Howmanydoyouhave?Earl:Sofar?Max:Oh,E
3、arl,Iloveyou.Earl:Thisismyson,Darius.HeistheNo.1ChryslersalesmaninallofDetroit.AndheismyveryfavoriteifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:ThisisasceneofBankruptcySisters,Earlonlytoldhedressedsodecentlytomeethisson,butdidn’tsayclearlyifM
4、axwouldmeethissontogether,that`swhyMaxfeltpuzzledandaskedhimhowmanyofhissons;thenEarlanswered“Sofar?”,untilthelastsentencehedidtellthepurposeformeetinghissonandaddanotherunnecessarymessage“ifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.”Becauseofthehiatusortheredundancyofthei
5、rconversation,makestheaudiencesfallintoareverieandsetsahumorouscomedyatmosphere.2.Caroline:OhmyGod!Isheyourfather?Max:Yes,heismyfather.Andmymotherisapieceofchalk.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:ThisisaconversationbetweenCarolineandMax.Carolineaskediftheman
6、cameintothecafewasMax’sfather,Maxanswer“Yes”butaddonemoresentence“Andmymotherispieceofchalk.”whichindicatedthemanwasnotMax‘sfatheratall.Obviously,thoughthissituationistypicalmessageredundancy,ithelpsthelistenerstounderstandthespeaker’srealmeaningandhumor.
7、3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我？柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事。如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。别人欺负我，你要在第一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄我开心。永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自电影《河东狮吼》）Analyze:Inthisconversation,Mrs.Liuhad
8、obeyedthemaximofquantity,thecontentofheranswerwasoverthequestionrequests.However,theextramessageofheranswershowsthetruerequirementsofMr.Liu,alsomakestheaudiencesrealizeMrs.Liu’spersonality.4.Atouristhailedabusatareq
