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1、http://72.3.142.35/mghdxreader/jsp/print/FinalDisplayForPrint.jsp;jses...ThePropertiesofGasesandLiquids,FifthEditionBruceE.Poling,JohncoverM.Prausnitz,JohnP.O’ConnellPrintedfromDigitalEngineeringLibrary@McGraw-Hill(www.Digitalengineeringlibrary.com).>>Copyright©2004TheMcGraw-HillCompanies.Allrights
2、reserved.AnyuseissubjecttotheTermsofUseasgivenatthewebsite.1de124/4/200610:00Source:THEPROPERTIESOFGASESANDLIQUIDSCHAPTERONETHEESTIMATIONOFPHYSICALPROPERTIES1-1INTRODUCTIONThestructuralengineercannotdesignabridgewithoutknowingthepropertiesofsteelandconcrete.Similarly,scientistsandengineersoftenrequ
3、irethepropertiesofgasesandliquids.Thechemicalorprocessengineer,inparticular,findsknowl-edgeofphysicalpropertiesoffluidsessentialtothedesignofmanykindsofprod-ucts,processes,andindustrialequipment.Eventhetheoreticalphysicistmustoc-casionallycomparetheorywithmeasuredproperties.Thephysicalpropertiesofeve
4、rysubstancedependdirectlyonthenatureofthemoleculesofthesubstance.Therefore,theultimategeneralizationofphysicalprop-ertiesoffluidswillrequireacompleteunderstandingofmolecularbehavior,whichwedonotyethave.Thoughitsoriginsareancient,themoleculartheorywasnotgenerallyaccepteduntilaboutthebeginningofthenin
5、eteenthcentury,andeventhenthereweresetbacksuntilexperimentalevidencevindicatedthetheoryearlyinthetwentiethcentury.Manypiecesofthepuzzleofmolecularbehaviorhavenowfallenintoplaceandcomputersimulationcannowdescribemoreandmorecomplexsystems,butasyetithasnotbeenpossibletodevelopacompletegeneralization.I
6、nthenineteenthcentury,theobservationsofCharlesandGay-LussacwerecombinedwithAvogadro’shypothesistoformthegas‘‘law,’’PVNRT,whichwasperhapsthefirstimportantcorrelationofproperties.Deviationsfromtheideal-gaslaw,thoughoftensmall,werefinallytiedtothefundamentalnatureofthemolecules.TheequationofvanderWaals
7、,thevirialequation,andotherequationsofstateexpressthesequantitatively.Suchextensionsoftheideal-gaslawhavenotonlyfacilitatedprogressinthedevelopmentofamoleculartheorybut,moreim-portantforourpurposeshere,have
