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1、NuclearpowerÐfusionT.KennethFowlerUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,4167EtcheverryHall,Berkeley,California94720-1730Inthe1990s,experimentsintokamakmagneticfusiondeviceshave®nallyapproached``breakeven''ÐpoweroutequaltopowerinÐatfusionpowerlevelsexceeding10MW,andgreatpro
2、gresshasalsobeenmadewithinertial-con®nementfusionlaserexperiments.Basedontheseresults,therequirementstoachieveignitionandhigh-energygainarenowfairlyclearforbothapproaches.Thisarticlefocusesondevelopmentsinmodernplasmaphysicsthatledtotheseachievementsandoutlinesthehis
3、toricaldevelopmentofthe®eld.Topicsincludethestabilityofmagnetic®elds,®eldreconnectionandthemagneticdynamo,turbulentheattransport,andplasmaabsorptionofintensebeamsoflight.Thearticleconcludeswithabriefdiscussionoffutureresearchdirections.[S0034-6861(99)00902-2]I.INTROD
4、UCTIONTwoapproachestoobtaininghigh-temperatureplas-mashavedominatedthe®eld.Oneisthecon®nementofTheearliestspeculationsaboutnuclearpowerЮrst,thefuelatmoderatepressurebymeansofmagneticaboutnuclearfusionÐfollowedsoonafterthepublica-®elds,andtheotherÐcalledinertial-con®
5、nementfusiontionofAlbertEinstein'sspecialtheoryofrelativity.A(ICF)ÐutilizessolidDTtargetsheatedbyintenselaserstoryrelatedbyEdwardTellertellsoftheyoungGeorgebeamsorionbeams.ImpressiveprogresshasbeenGamow'sbeingoffered,in1929,thenightlyuseofthemade.Whileself-sustaining
6、ignitionhasnotyetbeenfullelectricpowergridofLeningradifhewouldunder-achieved,experimentsintokamakmagneticfusionde-taketocreateinthelaboratorythefusionenergythatviceshaveapproached``breakeven''ÐpoweroutequalAtkinsonandHoutermanswereclaimingtobesuf®cienttothepowerinÐat
7、fusionpowerlevelsexceeding10toexplainstars(Teller,1981).Then,when®ssionwasMW(Strachanetal.,1994;JETTeam,1997),andgreatdiscoveredin1939,fusiontookabackseatasthemoreprogresshasalsobeenmadewithICFlaserexperimentsreadilyexploitable®ssionprocessforgedahead,culmi-(Lindl,19
8、95).Basedontheseresults,thephysicsre-quirementsforachievingignitionarenowfairlyclear,natinginthe®rst®ssionpowerreactorsinthe1950s.f
