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1、IntroductionBackgroundNumerousclaimsaremadeabouttheacademicbenefitsofteachingchesstochildren.Chessenthusiaststalkabouthowitenhancestheirmathematicalandreadingskills,howitimprovesconcentrationanddevelopslogicalreasoning,andthatchildrencanlearntostrategiseandemploycreativethinki
2、ng.Asfarbackas1893,AlfredBinet,investigatedthelinkbetweenmathematicsandchess.Hefoundthatover90%ofleadingchessplayersweregoodatdoingmentalcalculationsandalsohadgoodmemories.Soin1894,heconductedoneofthefirstpsychologicalstudiesintochess.Hewantedtoknowwhetherchessplayerscouldplay
3、blindfolded.Hefoundthatsomeofthechessmasterscouldplayfrommemory,butnoneoftheintermediateplayerscould.In1925,threeRussianpsychologists,Djakow,RudikandPetrovsky,conductedaseriesoftestsonchessmasters,andconcludedthattheirmemoryabilitywasonlygreaterthannon-playersasfaraschesswasco
4、ncerned.Inotherareastherewasnodifference.In1973,W.ChaseandHSimondemonstratedsuperiormemoryforchesspositionsbychessmastersby“chunking”.Theyfoundthebettertheplayer,thebettertherecallofchesspositions.Beginnerplayerscouldonlyrecallthecorrectlocationoffourpiecesin5seconds,whereasgr
5、andmasterscouldrecallthelocationofallofthepieces.23InBelgium,astudywasconductedbyJohanChristiaen(1974–6)toinvestigatetheeffectofchessinstructiononchildren’scognitivedevelopment.40studentsparticipatedoveratwoyearperiod,whentheiraverageagewentfrom10½to12½years.Halfofthemwererand
6、omlyselectedtoattendmandatorychesslessons(theexperimentalgroup)onceaweekfor1½years,andtherestwerenot(thecontrolgroup).Allthestudentswerethengivenabatteryoftests,includingPiaget’stestsforcognitivedevelopment(the“balancebeam”testandthe“liquid”test),plusaseriesofaptitudetestsaswe
7、llasschoolexams.Thechessgroupshowedbetterresultsinallthetests,butsignificantlysointheschool’sexaminations.However,sincenopre-testwasgivenattheoutset,(inordernottoalertthestudentsastothenatureoftheexperiment),thereliabilityoftheresultsisquestionable,sinceitmaybethatthechessgrou
8、phadahigheracademicabilityattheoutset.Also,theteacherswereawa
