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1、ConductanceviewedastransmissionYosephImryDepartmentofCondensedMatterPhysics,TheWeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot76100,IsraelRolfLandauerIBMThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenter,YorktownHeights,NewYork10598Electriccurrent¯ow,intransporttheory,hasusuallybeenviewedastherespo
2、nsetoanappliedelectric®eld.Alternatively,current¯owcanbeviewedasaconsequenceoftheinjectionofcarriersatcontactsandtheirprobabilityofreachingtheotherend.Thisapproachhasproventobeparticularlyusefulforthesmallsamplesmadebymodernmicroelectronictechniques.Theapproach,so
3、meofitsresults,andrelatedissuesaredescribed,butwithoutanattempttocoveralltheactivesubtopicsinthis®eld.[S0034-6861(99)00102-6]CONTENTSessentialtotaketheinterfacesintoaccount.Mesoscopicphysics,concernedwithsamplesthatareintermediateinI.ConductanceCalculatedfromTrans
4、missionS306sizebetweentheatomicscaleandthemacroscopicone,II.SpatialVariation,ConductanceFluctuations,cannowdemonstrateinmanufacturedstructuresmuchLocalizationS308ofthequantummechanicsweassociatewithatomsandIII.ElectronInteractionsS310molecules.IV.ElectronCoherence
5、;PersistentCurrents;OtherWhenscatteringbyarandomlyplacedsetofpointFeaturesS311defectswasunderconsideration,itquicklybecamecus-AcknowledgmentsS312tomaryinresistancecalculationstoevaluatetheresis-ReferencesS312tanceafteraveragingoveranensembleofallpossibledefectplac
6、ements.ThisremovedtheeffectsofI.CONDUCTANCECALCULATEDFROMTRANSMISSIONquantum-mechanicallycoherentmultiplescattering,whichdependsonthedistancebetweenthescatterers.EarlyquantumtheoriesofelectricalconductionwereThisapproachalsomadetheunwarrantedassumptionsemiclassica
7、l.Electronswereacceleratedaccordingtothatthevariationofresistancebetweenensemblemem-Bloch'stheorem;thiswasbalancedbybackscatteringberswassmall.Theapproachmadeitimpossibletoaskduetophononsandlatticedefects.Crosssectionsforaboutspatialvariationsof®eldandcurrentwithi
8、nthescattering,andbandstructures,werecalculatedsample.Unfortunately,asaresult,theveryexistenceofquantum-mechanically,butthebalancingprocessal-suchquesti
