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1、归纳——命题的综合（Induction--thesynthesisofpropositions）Abstract:Hume's"inductiveproblem"andtheformalcharacterizationofinductionaretwomajorpuzzlesleftbyinductivelogic.Indepthinvestigationandinductionofthevariousaspectsofreasoning,wecanfindthatinductionisnotasimplewayofthinking,butcomprehen
2、sive,abstract,virtualandothermethodsofcombiningtheuseofacombinationofmethods.Itisinessenceofsingleproposition,itsoperationisakindofaddition;itprovidesforabstractpropositionsinnature,andmergingoperationmayprovideforit;byimagine"virtualpremise"theincompleteinductionevolvedintoacomple
3、teinduction,establishestherationalityofinductivemethod.Thegeneralcalculusofinductivereasoning:S1?Ps2?Ps3?P"n"(s?P)=x?(s?P).Keywords:inductivereasoning;synthesis;abstraction;virtualpremises;formsofcalculusI.inductivereasoningandinductiveproblems1.inductivereasoningTheinductivelogics
4、ystemwithinductivemethodasthecorehasbeenestablishedbythecreativeworkofBaconandMuller.Inductionisamethodofthinkingthatintroducesgeneralconclusions[1]fromindividualpremises.Mullerpointedoutprecisely:"inductionisanindividualcasefromwhichaphenomenonhasbeenobserved,inwhichallinstancesof
5、somethinglikethatarepresumedtooccur."[2]thetraditionallogicreasoningbyusingthismethod,someindividualcasesknown,thatkindofthingcommonpropertyorcommonlaw,soastoobtainthegeneralprinciple.Accordingtowhetherthepremiseofinductioniscompleteornot,traditionallogicisdividedintocompleteinduct
6、ionandincompleteinduction.Completeinductionisbasedontheinferencethateachobjectinaclasshassomeattributeandthattheobjecthassomeproperty.Completeinductivereasoningexaminesalltheobjectsofaclassinitspremises,soitsconclusionisnecessarilyderivedfromthepremise.Incompleteinductionisbasedont
7、hefactthatsomeoftheobjectsinaclasshavesomeproperty,andthusthereasoningthattheobjecthassomepropertyisderived.Mullercreatedfivespecificinductiveform,knownasthe"Mullerschool",isthecommonmethod,differencemethod,andtheusageofseekingdifference,1898,residualmethod.Incompleteinductivereaso
8、ningdealswithonlyapartialo
