introductory chemistry, 2nd edition nivaldo tro：化学导论，第二版尼瓦尔多周转率

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1、Btec,Biologydept,GuangdonginstituteofEducationChemistryforbiologyChapter1MatterandEnergy2009,Bio-departmentArematter&energyrelatedMatterisanyparticlewithmassandvolumeEnergyissimplymatterthatismoving0KelvinisdefinedasthetemperaturewhenmatterdoesnotmovingSotemperatureisrel

2、atedtomovingmassTherefore:temperatureandmassarerelatedtoenergyThat’swhyanychemistryorphysicsequationwithenergymustrelatemassandtemperature.23AroundyouEverythingyoucansee,touch,smellortasteinyourroomismadeofmatter.4WhatIsMatter?Matterisanythingwithmass.Typically,wethinkof

3、tinylittlepiecesofmassasatomsandmoleculesbecausethose117elementsbehaveNewtonian.Thereareover200smallerparticlesthatbehaveQuantunian.5Energy:it’sjustMassandVelocityElectricalKineticenergyassociatedwiththeflowofelectricalcharge.HeatorThermalEnergyKineticenergyassociatedwit

4、hmolecularmotion.LightorRadiantEnergyKineticenergyassociatedwithenergytransitionsinanatom.NuclearPotentialenergyinthenucleusofatoms.ChemicalPotentialenergyintheattachmentofatomsorbecauseoftheirposition.6AtomsandMoleculesAtomsarethetinyparticlesthatmakeupallmatter.Inmosts

5、ubstances,theatomsarejoinedtogetherinunitscalledmolecules.Theatomsarejoinedinspecificgeometricarrangements.Anymattercanexistinoneof3StatesSolidLiquidGas78StructureDeterminesPropertiesTheatomsormoleculeshavedifferentstructuresinsolids,liquids,andgases−leadingtodifferentpr

6、operties.9SolidsTheparticlesinasolidarepackedclosetogetherandarefixedinposition.Althoughtheymayvibrate.Theclosepackingoftheparticlesresultsinsolidsbeingincompressible.Theinabilityoftheparticlestomovearoundresultsinsolidsretainingtheirshapeandvolumewhenplacedinanewcontain

7、erandpreventstheparticlesfromflowing.10Solids,ContinuedSomesolidshavetheirparticlesarrangedinanorderlygeometricpattern—wecallthesecrystallinesolids.Saltanddiamonds.Othersolidshaveparticlesthatdonotshowaregulargeometricpatternoveralongrange—wecalltheseamorphoussolids.Plas

8、ticandglass.11LiquidsTheparticlesinaliquidarecloselypacked,buttheyhavesomeabilitytomovearound.Theclosep