gmat_argument提纲

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1、1.ThefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportsenttostockholdersbyOlympicFoods,aprocessoroffrozenfoods.“Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3-by-5-inchprintfellfrom50c

2、entsforfive-dayservicein1970to20centsforone-dayservicein1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits.1falseanalogy:Thefoodindustry

3、isnotanalogoustothecolorfilmindustry.2causaloversimplification:Otherfactorsthatmaycontributettothecostdeclineoftheprintingcostshouldbeconsideredandruledout.3gratuitousassumption:Theconclusionoftheargumentisbasedonagratuitousassumptionthatthecompanycanminimizecostandmaximizeprof

4、itbecausethecompanyhasbeenconductedfor25years.2.ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthebusinessdepartmentoftheApogeeCompany.“WhentheApogeeCompanyhadallitsoperationsinonelocation,itwasmoreprofitablethanitistoday.Therefore,theApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownitsfieldofficesandconduct

5、allitsoperationsfromasinglelocation.Suchcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandhelpingthecompanymaintainbettersupervisionofallemployees.”1causaloversimplification:Itisimprudenttoconcludethattheestablishmentofthefieldofficesistheonlyreasonexplainingthedeclineoft

6、heprofit.2allthingsareequal:Thesuccessofthecentralizationofthepastdoesnotguaranteetheapplicabilityinthefuture.3either-or-orchoice:Theauthorassumesthatthecentralizationandtheestablishmentoffieldofficesaremutuallyexclusivealternatives,thereisnomiddlegroundbetweentheytwo.Infact,we

7、canhavethefieldofficesundercentralizedcontrol.3.Thefollowingappearedinamemorandumissuedbyalargecity’scouncilonthearts.“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepas

8、tfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseum