进化生态学－生活史对策

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1、Whystudybiology?tounderstandnatureLawrenceHarderUniversityofCalgaryStepsinascientificstudyHypothesisformulation–whatshouldbestudied?Studydesign–howshouldthedatabecollected?DatacollectionDataanalysis–aprocessofdiscoveryHypothesisassessmentandcommunication–whathasbeenlearned?Successofasc

2、ientificstudydependsonthepropercompletionofeachofthefivesteps-gooddatacollectioncannotrectifybadstudydesign-gooddesigncannotimproveapoorlyformulatedhypothesis1)Hypothesisformulation-whatshouldbestudied?-verbalormathematicalViewofnatureBiologicalhypothesisStatisticalhypothesisUniquebio

3、logicalpredictions-dependentandindependentvariables-expectedrelations-assumeeffectsofothervariablesareequalExample–SexualsystemofAcertruncatumHypothesisgeneticallymonomorphic,butphenotypedependsonconditiongeneticallydimorphic,withhermaphroditesandmales(androdioecy)Uniqueprediction-thep

4、roductionofstigmasandseedsvariesbetweengrowingseasons-thesextypeofanindividualdoesnotdifferbetweengrowingseasonsDependentvariable–seedproductionIndependentvariable–yearH0:whetheraplantproducesseedsisunaffectedbyyear2)Studydesign–howshouldthedatabecollected?addressthebiologicalhypothesi

5、sascompletelyaspossibleeitherensureindependenceofsamplingunits(subjects)oraccountforanydependence-samplingunitsareindependentifthefeaturesofonesamplingunitareunrelatedtothefeaturesofanyothersamplingunitmaximizestatisticalpowerwithintheconstraintsimposedbythecostsofsampling-costsinclude

6、money,peopleandtime2、突发事件方面的舆情平时：研究突发事件特别是群体性事件中舆情发展变化的特点，需要及时掌握有关的舆情动态。前兆：及时收集报送引发干部群众思想情绪波动的苗头性信息。爆发：要快速反应，在“第一时间”报送突发事件舆情。过程：要跟踪舆情变化报送态势性信息。结束：总结处理突发事件的经验、教训。关键词：及时反映，情况准确。3、社会热点方面的舆情。现在社会热点问题很多，这些热点都在一定程度上反映了经济社会发展中的一些矛盾、难点，反映了人们对自身利益、国家发展及国际局势的关注和企盼。围绕着社会热点，人们总会发表各种各样的意见和观点，产生各种各样

7、的思想认识，能否正确引导社会热点，在一定程度上取决于我们能否准确把握和分析热点。舆情信息工作，要及时跟踪热点问题的发展变化，切实加强对热点问题的分析，揭示热点问题产生的根源，善于提出引导舆论和解决热点问题的对策建议。关键词：找根源，提建议4)Dataanalysis-aprocessofdiscoveryanalysiscaninvolvenon-mathematicaltechniquesbeginbyplottingyourdatavariationusuallyrequiresstatisticalanalysisthewayinwhichdataare